The Construction Chart Book 4th Edition

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CPWR - The Center for Construction Research and Training

Summary Statement

A broad collection of tables and charts covering health and safety in the U.S. construction industry, as well as considerable economic and training data.
2007

References

AFL-CIO. 2005. Immigrant Workers at Risk: The Urgent Need for Improved Workplace Safety and Health Policies and Programs, http://www.aflcio.org/aboutus/laborday/upload/immigrant_risk.pdf

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 2004. Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS).

American Diabetes Association. 2007. Total Prevalence of Diabetes & Pre-diabetes, http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/diabetes-statistics/?utm_source=RightHandRail&utm_medium=SitePromotion4&utm_content=Stats&utm_campaign=CON

American Heart Association. 2005. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics - 2005 Update. Dallas, TX: American Heart Association.

———. 2007. Cigarette Smoking and Cardiovascular Diseases, http://www.americanheart.org

Antonini, James M. 2003. Health Effects of Welding. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 33 (1):61-103.

Australian Safety Compensation Council. 2007. Statistical Data and Reports, http://www.ascc.gov.au/ascc/AboutUs/Publications/StatReports/

Avnstorp, Christian, Lasse Kanerva, and Peter Elsner. 2004. Cement. In Handbook of Occupational Dermatology. Berlin: Springer.

Berman, Jay M. 2005. Industry Output and Employment Projections to 2014. Monthly Labor Review, 128 (11):45-69.

Bilginsoy, Cihan. 2005. Registered Apprentices and Apprenticeship Programs in the U.S. Construction Industry Between 1989 and 2003: An Examination of the AIMS, RAIS, and California Apprenticeship Agency Databases. Working Paper No: 2005-09: University of Utah, Department of Economics.

Bowler, Mary, Randy E. Ilg, Stephen Miller, Ed Robison, and Anne Polivka. 2007. Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003. Employment & Earnings, 50 (2):4-23.

Burdorf, Alex , Monique H. W. Frings-Dresen, Cor van Duivenbooden, and Lex A. M. Elders. 2005. Development of a Decision Model to Identify Workers at Risk of Long-Term Disability in the Construction Industry. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 31 (Suppl 2):31-36.

Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce. 2006. News Release: Gross Domestic Product by Industry, 2003-2005 (revised), Table 1, http://bea.gov/bea/newsrelarchive/2006/gdpind05_rev.htm

———. 2007. Industry Economic Accounts, Gross-Domestic-Product-(GDP)-by-Industry-Data, http://www.bea.gov/industry/gdpbyind_data.htm

Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. 2003. Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey, http://www.bls.gov/webapps/legacy/cpsatab11.htm

———. 2003-2005. American Time Use Survey (ATUS), http://www.bls.gov/tus/

———. 2005. Contingent Worker Supplement (February Supplement) to the Current Population Survey (CPS).

———. 2005. National Compensation Survey, http://www.bls.gov/ect

———. 2005 and previous years. Business Employment Dynamics (BED), http://www.bls.gov/data/home.htm

———. 2005 and previous years. Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI), http://www.bls.gov/iif/home.htm

———. 2005 and previous years. Current Employment Statistics (CES), http://www.bls.gov/ces

———. 2005 and previous years. Current Population Survey (CPS), http://www.bls.gov/cps

———. 2005 and previous years. Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII), http://www.bls.gov/iif/home.htm

———. 2006. Current Population Survey (CPS) Job Tenure Supplement.

———. 2006. Employee Tenure in 2006, Table 5, http://www.bls.gov/news.release/tenure.nr0.htm

———. 2006. Employer Costs for Employee Compensation-September 2006, Tables 1 and 10. USDL: 06-2069, http://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/ecec_12132006.pdf

———. 2006 and previous years. Annual Social and Economic Supplement (March Supplement) to the Current Population Survey (CPS).

———. 2006 and previous years. Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS), http://www.bls.gov/data/home.htm

———. 2007. 2004-14 National Employment Matrix, Construction. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, http://www.bls.gov/emp/empiols.htm

———. 2007. CES benchmark articles, March 2006, http://www.bls.gov/web/cesbmart.htm

———. 2007. Changes to the Current Employment Statistics Survey, 2005, http://www.bls.gov/ces/cesww.htm

———. 2007. Establishment Data, Historical Hours and Earnings, B-2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry, 1964 to date, ftp://146.142.4.23/pub/suppl/empsit.ceseeb2.txt

———. 2007. North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), http://www.bls.gov/bls/naics.htm

———. 2007. Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system, http://www.bls.gov/soc

Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, and National Institute for Occupational Safety Health - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2003. Respirator Usage in Private Sector Firms, http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/respsurv/pdfs/respsurv2001.pdf

Butani, Shail, Charles Alexander, and James Esposito. 1999. Using the American Community Survey to Enhance the Current Population Survey: Opportunities and Issues. Office of Management and Budget, Executive Office of the President of the United States, http://www.fcsm.gov/99papers/acsasa.html

Carré, Françoise, Randall Wilson, Elaine Bernard, and Robert Herrick. 2004. The Social and Economic Costs of Employee Misclassification in the Maine Construction Industry. Center for Social Policy, McCormack Graduate School of Policy Studies, University of Massachusetts-Boston, http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/lwp/Maine%20Misclassification%20Maine.pdf

Caruso, Claire C., Edward M. Hitchcock, Robert B. Dick, John M. Russo, and Jennifer M. Schmit. 2004. Overtime and Extended Work Shifts: Recent Findings on Illnesses, Injuries and Health Behaviors. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. 1997 and previous years. Economic Census, http://www.census.gov/epcd/www/econ97.html

———. 2002. Economic Census, http://www.census.gov/econ/census02/

———. 2003. October Internet and Computer Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey (CPS).

———. 2005. American Community Survey (ACS), http://www.census.gov/acs/www/

———. 2005. County Business Patterns (CBP), http://www.census.gov/epcd/cbp/view/cbpview.html

———. 2007. The 2007 Statistics Abstract, http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/

———. 2007. Construction Spending, http://www.census.gov/const/www/c30index.html

———. 2007. Estimates and Projections of Resident Populations: 1950 to 2050, http://www.census.gov/prod/1/pop/profile/95/2_ps.pdf

———. 2007. General Demographic Characteristics, 2005, http://factfinder.census.gov

Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, Housing, Household Economic Statistics Division. 2007. Historic Health Insurance, http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/hlthins/historic/index.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2004. Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance - United States, 2002. MMWR, 53 (26):578-582.

———. 2006. Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance - United States, 2003-2004. MMWR, 55 (32):876-879.

———. 2007. Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking, http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig_smoking/index.htm

Clark, Kelly A., and Rosemary Hyson. 2001. New Tools for Labor Market Analysis: JOLTS. Monthly Labor Review, 124 (12):32.

Cole, Tamara. 2002. Reconciling Construction Data: A Comparison of the Value of Construction Put in Place Series, the 1997 Economic Census and the 1998 Annual Capital Expenditures Survey. U.S. Census Bureau, Manufacturing and Construction Division, http://www.census.gov/mcd/vip_csec_9798.pdf

———. 2007. Personal Communication with U.S. Census Bureau employee.

Construction Safety Association of Ontario. 2006. Annual Report 2006, http://www.csao.org/UploadFiles/AnnualReport/Annual_Report_2006.pdf

Courtney, Theodore K., Matz Simon, and Barbara S. Webster. 1996. Disabling Occupational Injury in the U.S. Construction Industry. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 44 (12):1161-1168.

Day, Jennifer C. 1995. National Population Projections. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, http://www.census.gov/prod/1/pop/profile/95/2_ps.pdf

Dement, John, Knut Ringen, Laura Welch, Eula Bingham, and Patricia Quinn. 2005. Surveillance of Hearing Loss Among Older Construction and Trade Workers at Department of Energy Nuclear Sites. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 48 (5):348-358.

Dement, John M., Laura Welch, Eula Bingham, Buck Cameron, Carol Rice, Patricia Quinn, and Knut Ringen. 2003. Surveillance of Respiratory Diseases Among Construction and Trade Workers at Department of Energy Nuclear Sites. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 43 (65):559-573.

Department of Health & Human Services, U.S. 2000. Healthy People 2010, 2nd ed. Government Printing Office, http://www.healthypeople.gov

Department of Labor, U.S. Employment, Training, Administration. 2005. Top 25 Apprenticeship Occupations Ranked by Total as of September 30, 2005

Di Natale, Marisa L. 2003. Creating Comparability in the Current Population Survey Employment Series. Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Department of Labor, http://www.bls.gov/cps/cpscomp.pdf

Dong, Xiuwen. 2005. Long Working Hours, Work Scheduling, and Work-Related Injuries in Construction. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 31 (5):329-335.

Dong, Xiuwen, Yurong Men, and Elizabeth Haile. 2005. Work-related fatal and nonfatal injuries among U.S. construction workers, 1992-2003. The Center to Protect Workers’ Rights (CPWR), http://www.cdc.gov/elcosh/docs/d0400/d000433/d000433.html

Dong, Xiuwen, Knut Ringen, Yurong Men, and Alissa Fujimoto. 2007. Medical Costs and Sources of Payment for Work-Related Injuries among Hispanic Construction Workers. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 49 (12):1367-1375.

Eawson, Todd, Anneke Heiltmann, and Alex Kerin. 2007. NIOSH topic: Industry Trends, Costs and Management of Long Working Hours, http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/workschedules/abstracts/dawson.html

Employee Benefit Research, Institute. 2006. EBRI Issue Brief No. 289, http://www.ebri.org

Employee Benefits Security Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. 2007. Private Pension Plan Bulletin, Abstract of 2004 Form 5500, Annual Reports. Washington, DC.

Engholm, Göran, and Holmström Eva. 2005. Dose-Response Associations between Musculoskeletal Disorders and Physical and Psychosocial Factors among Construction Workers. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 31 (2):57-67.

ETA/Business Relations Group. 2004. America’s Construction Industry: Identifying and Addressing Workforce Challenges, Report of Findings and Recommendations for the President’s High Growth Job Training Initiative in the Construction Industry. An ETA/Business Relations Group Report. ETA/Business Relations Group, http://www.doleta.gov/brg/pdf/High_Growth_Construction_Report_Final.pdf

Federal Reserve Bank of San, Francisco. 2004. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, Two Measures of Employment: How Different Are They? FRBSF Economic Letter , Number 2004-23: Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.

Franklin, John. 2007. Personal Communication with OSHA Directorate of Construction employee.

Friedman, Lee S., and Linda S. Forst. 2007. The Impact of OSHA Recordkeeping Regulation Changes on Occupational Injury and Illness Trends in the U.S.: a Time-Series Analysis. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 64 (7):454-460.

Gillis, Heather. 2002. Personal Communication with British Columbia Workers’ Compensation Board employee.

Gregory, William. 2007. Personal Communication with Ulico Insurance Group employee.

Halbert, R. J., Sharon Isonaka, Dorothy George, and Ahmar Iqbal. 2003. Interpreting COPD Prevalence Estimates: What Is the True Burden of Disease? Chest, 123:1684-1692, http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/content/abstract/123/5/1684

Hanna, Awad S., Craig S. Taylor, and Kenneth T. Sullivan. 2005. Impact of Extended Overtime on Construction Labor Productivity. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 131 (6):734-739.

Harvard University, Joint Center for Housing Studies. 2006. The State of the Nation’s Housing 2006. Boston, MA: Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University.

Head Association for Statutory Accident Insurance: Hauptverband der gewerblichen, Berufsgenossenschaften. 2006, http://www.hvbg.de/d/pages/service/download/g_r/g_tabellen.pdf

Hedley, Allison A. Cynthia L. Ogden Clifford L. Johnson Margaret D. Carroll Lester R. Curtin and Katherine M. Flegal. 2004. Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among U.S. Children, Adolescents, and Adults, 1999- 2002. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 291:2847-2850.

Hipple, Steven. 2001. Contingent Work in the Late-1990s Monthly Labor Review, 124 (3):3-23.

———. 2004. Self-employment in the United States: An update - Self employment continues to be highest among men, whites, older workers, and in agriculture, construction, and services industries. Monthly Labor Review, 127 (7):13-22.

Hirsch, Barry T., and David A. Macpherson. 2007. Union Membership and Earnings Data Book Compilations From the Current Population Survey. Washington, DC: The Bureau of National Affairs.

Hnizdo, Eva Patricia A. Sullivan Ki Moon Bang and Gregory Wagner. 2007. Air flow obstruction attributable to work in industry and occupation among U.S. race/ethnic groups: A study of NHANES III data. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 46 (2):126-135.

Horowitz, Irwin B., and Brian P. McCall. 2004. Disabling and Fatal Occupational Claim Rates, Risks, and Costs in the Oregon Construction Industry 1990-1997. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 1 (10):688-698.

Howells, Thomas F., Kevin B. Barefoot, and Brian M. Lindberg. 2006. Annual Industry Accounts, Survey of Current Business.

Hunter, Pam. 2006. Workers’ Comp Steadies. ENR (Engineering News-Record), 257 (12):32-33.

Internal Revenue Service, U.S. Department of the Treasury. 2007.Internal Revenue Service Homepage, http://www.irs.gov

International Agency for Research on Cancer. 1997. Vol 49: Chromium, Nickel, and Welding. World Health Organization, http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol49/mono49.pdf

International Labour Organization. 2007. International Labour Organization Homepage, http://www.ilo.org/global/lang--en/index.htm

Kosnett, Michael, Richard Wedeen, Stephen Rothenberg, Karen Hipkins, Barbara Materna, Brian Schwartz, Howard Hu, and Alan Woolf. 2007. Recommendations for Medical Management of Adult Lead Exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115 (3):463-471.

Lee, Soo-Jeong , Robert Harrison, California Department of Health Services Occupational Health Branch, Xiuwen Dong, Janie Gittleman, and CPWR - The Center for Construction Research and Training. 2006. Respiratory Disease Mortality by NORA Sectors in the U.S., 1990-1999. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), National Occupational Respiratory Mortality System (NORMS).

Leigh, J. Paul, and A. Robbins John. 2004. Occupational Disease and Workers’ Compensation: Coverage, Costs, and Consequences. The Milbank Quarterly, 82 (4):689-721.

Leigh, J. Paul, James P. Marcin, and Ted R. Miller. 2004. An Estimate of the U.S. Government’s Undercount of Nonfatal Occupational Injuries. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 46 (1):10-18.

Liberty Mutual Insurance Company. 2007. Liberty Mutual Manual Materials Handling Tables, http://libertymmhtables.libertymutual.com/CM_LMTablesWeb/taskSelection.do?action=initTaskSelection

Lushniak, Boris D. 2004. Occupational Contact Dermatitis. Dermatologic Therapy, 17 (3):272-277.

MacDonald, John. 2006. “Traditional” Pension Assets Lost Dominance a Decade Ago, IRAs and 401(k)s Have Long Been Dominant. Employee Benefit Research Institute (EBRI), http://www.ebri.org

McCall, B.P., I.B. Horwitz, S.R. Feldman, and R. Balkrishnan. 2005. Incidence Rates, Costs, Severity, and Work- Related Factors of Occupational Dermatitis: a Workers’ Compensation Analysis of Oregon, 1990-1997. Archives of Dermatology, 141 (6):713-718.

McCann, Michael, and Cheng Mei-Tai. 2006. Dump truck related deaths in construction, 1992-2002. Poster presentation at the NORA Symposium, Washington, D.C., April 18-19, 2006.

McCluskey, Martha T. 1998. The Illusion of Efficiency in Workers’ Compensation ‘Reform’. Rutgers Law Review, 50 (675):714.

Mishel, Lawrence R., Jared Bernstein, and Sylvia A. Allegretto. 2006. The State of Working America 2006/2007, An Economic Policy Institute book: Cornell ILR Press; University Presses Marketing.

National Center for Health Statistics. 2005 and previous years. National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm

National Institute for Occupational Safety, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1998. Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Noise Exposure. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

———. 2002. The Changing Organization of Work and the Safety and Health of Working People: Knowledge of Gaps and Research Directions. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2002-116. DHHS (NIOSH), http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2002-116/pdfs/2002-116.pdf

———. 2007. National Occupational Respiratory Mortality System (NORMS), http://webappa.cdc.gov/ords/norms.html

Neitzel, Richard, and Seixas Noah. 2005. The Effectiveness of Hearing Protection Among Construction Workers. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2 (4):227-238.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. 1978. Final Standard; Occupational Exposure to Lead. Federal Register.

———. 1993. Lead Exposure in Construction--Interim Rule. Federal Register 58:26590-26649 [29 CFR 1926.62].

———. 1997. Strategic Plan: Occupational Safety and Health Administration FY 1997-FY 2002. ———. 2006. Rules and Regulations, Table VIII-2. Federal Register.

———. 2007. OSHA Directorate of Training and Education Outreach Training Program Guidelines for the Construction Industry, http://www.osha.gov/dte/outreach/construction/focus_four/constrfocusfour_introduction.pdf

———. 2007. Standard 29 CFR 1910.134, http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb

———. 2007. State Occupational Safety and Health Plans, http://www.osha.gov/dcsp/osp/index.html

Office of Management and Budget, Executive Office of the President, U.S. Office of Federal Statistical Policy and Standards. 2000. Standard Occupational Classification Manual: 2000. U.S. Office of Management and Budget. Washington, DC: National Technical Information Service.

———. 2001. North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)-Revisions for 2002, http://www.census.gov/epcd/naics02/naifr02d.htm

Panel on Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Workplace, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council, and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Workplace: Low Back and Upper Extremities. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Passel, Jeffrey S., and Pew Hispanic Center. 2006. The Size and Characteristics of the Unauthorized Migrant Population in the U.S. Estimates Based on the March 2005 Current Population Survey. Pew Hispanic Center, http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/61.pdf

Pew Hispanic Center. 2007. Estimates of the Unauthorized Migrant Population for States based on the March 2005 Current Population Survey, http://www.pewhispanic.org

Pransky, Glenn, Daniel Moshenberg, Katy Benjamin, Silvia Portillo, Jeffrey L. Thackrey, and Carolyn Hill-Fotouhi. 2002. Occupational Risks and Injuries in Non-Agricultural Immigrant Latino Workers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 42 (2):117-123.

Ringen, Knut. 1999. Scheduled Inspections in Construction: A Critical Review and Recommendations. Report Prepared for The Directorate of Construction, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, in response to Contract No. B9F91522, pg. 15.

Ringen, Knut, Norman Anderson, Tim McAfee, Susan M. Zbikowski, and Donald Fales. 2002. Smoking Cessation in a Blue-Collar Population: Results from an Evidence-Based Pilot Program. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 42 (5):367-377.

Rissman, Ellen R., and Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. 2003. Self-employment as an Alternative to Unemployment. Working Paper 2003-34. Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, http://www.chicagofed.org/digital_assets/publications/working_papers/2007/wp2007_14.pdf

Rosenman, Kenneth D., Alice Kalush, Mary Jo Reilly, Joseph C. Gardiner, Matthew Reeves, and Zhewui Luo. 2006. How Much Work-related Injury and Illness is Missed by the Current National Surveillance System? Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 48 (4):357-365.

Rostek, Rudolf. September 2007. Personal Communication with German Legal Accident Insurance Central Association employee.

Roto, Pekka, Hannele Sainio, Timo Reunala, and Pekka Laippala. 1996. Addition of Ferrous Sulfate to Cement and Risk of Chromium Dermatitis Among Construction Workers. Contact Dermatitis, 34 (1):43-50.

Schwartz, Brian, and Howard Hu. 2007. Adult Lead Exposure: Time for Change. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115 (3):451-454, http://www.ehponline.org/members/2006/9782/9782.html#intro

Shelnutt, Susan R., Phillip Goad, and Donald V. Belsito. 2007. Dermatological Toxicity of Hexavalent Chromium. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 37 (5):375-387.

Social Security Administration, U.S. 2007. Social Security Basic Facts, http://www.ssa.gov/pressoffice/IncRetAge.html

Sorensen, Glorian, Elizabeth Barbeau, Anne Stoddard, Mary Hunt, Roberta Goldman, Ann Smith, Angela Brennan, and Lorraine Wallace. 2007. Tools for Health: The Efficacy of a Tailored Intervention Targeted for Construction Laborers. Cancer Causes and Control, 18 (1):51-59.

Spletzer, James R., Jason Faberman, Akbar Sadeghi, David M. Talan, and Richard L. Clayton. 2004. Business Employment Dynamics: New Data on Gross Job Gains and Losses. Monthly Labor Review, 127 (4):29-42.

Stattin, Mikael, and Bengt Järvholm. 2005. Occupation, Work Environment, and Disability Pension: A Prospective Study of Construction Workers. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 33 (2):84-90.

Stover, Bert , Thomas M. Wickizer, Fred Zimmerman, Deborah Fulton-Kehoe, and Gary Franklin. 2007. Prognostic Factors of Long-Term Disability in a Workers’ Compensation System. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 49 (1):31-40.

Susi, Pam, Mark Goldberg, Pat Barnes, and Erich Stafford. 2000. The Use of a Task-Based Exposure Assessment Model (T-BEAM) for Assessment of Metal Fume Exposures During Welding and Thermal Cutting. Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 15 (1):26-38.

The Center to Protect Workers Rights. 1997. The Construction Chart Book: The U.S. Construction Industry and Its Workers, Second Edition. Washington, DC: The Center to Protect Workers’ Rights.

———. 2002. The Construction Chart Book: The U.S. Construction Industry and Its Workers, Third Edition. Washington, DC: The Center to Protect Workers’ Rights.

The Lexington Group, and Eastern Research Group. 2002. An Estimate of OSHA’s Progress from FY 1995 to FY 2001 in Attaining its Performance Goal of Reducing Injuries and Illnesses in 100,000 Workplaces. Prepared for The Office of Statistics, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Washington, D.C., Contract No. J-9-F-7-0043.

Toossi, Mitra. 2005. Labor Force Projections to 2014: Retiring Boomers. Monthly Labor Review, 128 (11):25-44.

———. 2006. New Look at Long-term Labor Force Projections to 2050 - Factors Affecting the Composition and Growth of the Labor Force Include the Aging of the Baby-boom Generation and Diversity in the Workplace. Monthly Labor Review, 129 (11):19-39.

Valenzuela, Abel, Nik Theodore, Edward Melendez, and Ana Luz Gonzalez. 2006. On the Corner, Day Labor in the United States. UCLA Center for the Study of Urban Poverty, http://www.urbaneconomy.org/sites/default/files/onthecorner_daylaborinUS_39p_2006.pdf

VanDerhei, Jack L., Craig Copeland, and Dallas L. Salisbury. 2006. Retirement Security in the United States: Current Sources, Future Prospects, and Likely Outcomes of Current Trends. Washington, DC: Employee Benefit Research Institute.

Waehrer, Geetha M., Xiuwen Dong, Ted R. Miller, Elizabeth Haile and Yurong Men. 2007. Costs of Occupational Injuries in Construction in the United States. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 39 (6):1258-1266.

Waehrer, Geetha M., Xiuwen Dong, Ted R. Miller, Yurong Men and Elizabeth Haile. 2007. Occupational Injury Costs and Alternative Employment in Construction Trades Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 49 (11):1218-1227.

Weil, David. 2001. Assessing OSHA Performance: New Evidence from the Construction Industry. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 20 (4):651-674.

Widman, Amy. 2006. Workers’ Compensation: A Cautionary Tale. The Center for Justice and Democracy, http://centerjd.org/lib/Workers'Comp(National).pdf

Workers’ Compensation Board of British Columbia. 2003. WorkSafe: Hearing Conservation in the Construction Industry, page 3, http://www2.worksafebc.com/PDFs/hearing/hc_construction_2003.pdf

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