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[summary:protected] => The CPWR Toolbox Talk on Working Around Vehicles in the Work Zone addresses methods to avoid being struck-by a vehicle on a construction site. The resource includes a case example, steps to prevent a related injury, and questions for discussion. It includes a graphic that illustrates the hazard, which can be posted in a central location as a reminder of steps to work safely. Available in English and Spanish.
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[description] => The purpose of this study is to evaluate the current understanding and use of nanotechnology applications in heavy industrial/commercial construction among union leaders, apprenticeship program staff and employers. Our specific goal was to survey representatives from a cross-section of California construction trades to determine to what extent they are aware of nanotechnology, if they have received or delivered training related to nanotechnology, if they recognize any nano-enabled products listed in the "eLCOSH Construction Nanomaterials Inventory" (eLCOSH Inventory) and their perception of potential benefits or concerns about use of nanotechnology in construction.
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[summary:protected] => The U.S. construction industry generated $1.13 trillion in economic activity in 2005 from wages, materials, equipment rental, profits, architect/engineering fees and other expenses, such as business overhead, interest and taxes paidCPWR Chart Book.
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[summary:protected] => If possible use a power stretcher instead of a knee kicker. Carpet installers can potentially suffer from skin infections, acute knee injuries, fluid buildup and bursitis. Installers spend a great deal of time on their knees and should use knee pads to reduce knee strain. Mini-breaks (a few seconds) can help refresh tired muscles and joints. Select knee pads that are comfortable and do not reduce circulation. Try to test knee pads for comfort and fit in kneeling and standing positions before purchasing.
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[summary:protected] => A 50-year-old roofer died when he fell 18 feet from a house roof.
He had 20 years of experience as a roofer and had worked for his employer’s roofing company for two years.
He was part of a three-person crew installing a metal roof on a two-story house. Shortly after 8 a.m., the crew was setting up for the day. This was their third day at the work site. The company owner had not yet arrived.
A light rain was falling. The victim, wearing a harness, climbed up a ladder and went onto the steep slope 8/12 pitch roof. He walked
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The crew supervisor was below in the yard. After a few minutes, the supervisor called to the victim, but got no answer. He went looking for him and found him unconscious lying on a concrete patio. The other roofer stayed with the victim while the supervisor called 911. Emergency responders arrived after a few minutes. The victim died while being transported by ambulance.
The medical examiner gave the cause of death as “multiple blunt force injuries” resulting from a fall from the roof.
The state investigator found that the victim’s rope grab lifeline was attached to a roof anchor, but he was not tied off to it when he slid on the wet roof underlayment and fell off the roof edge.
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A. Introduction
B. Methodology
C. Results/Data Summary
C1. Online Survey Results
C2. Key Informant Follow-Up Interview Results
C3. Key Informant Interviews with Government Agency Staff
D. DiscussionD1. An Unexpected Response
D2.The Extent of Awareness
D3. Concerns About Risk
D4. Nanotechnology Training
D5. California Government Agencies
E. Recommendations
F.Conclusion
G. Appendices
Abstract:
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the current understanding and use of nanotechnology applications in heavy industrial/commercial construction among union leaders, apprenticeship program staff and employers. Our specific goal was to survey representatives from a cross-section of California construction trades to determine to what extent they are aware of nanotechnology, if they have received or delivered training related to nanotechnology, if they recognize any nano-enabled products listed in the "eLCOSH Construction Nanomaterials Inventory" (eLCOSH Inventory) and their perception of potential benefits or concerns about use of nanotechnology in construction.
This study relates to NIOSH’s NORA Construction Sector Strategic Goal #11, which covers building recognition and awareness of construction hazards and the means for controlling them by strengthening and extending the reach of quality training and education in the construction industry. Information gathered through our online survey and key informant processes specifically addresses Subgoals 11.1 (construction safety and health training needs assessment) and 11.2 (surveying current training programs about gaps in training on this topic).
Methodology:
We collected feedback from our target audience through a 31-question on-line survey and 21 follow-up key informant phone interviews with a subset of survey respondents. Our goal was to obtain 100 survey responses; we actually received 253 completed surveys to include in our evaluation. It was a priority that we obtain feedback from a cross-section of crafts. Participants were asked to identify their affiliation from a list of 25 crafts; all but one of these crafts (Pile Drivers) were represented through completed surveys. We selected 21 key informant subjects based upon one or more of the following criteria present in their survey responses: recognition of nanotechnology terms; having either received or delivered training related to nanotechnology; indicating worker or environmental safety concerns related to nano-enabled materials; on-the-job experience with nano-enabled construction materials; recognition of products from the eLCOSH Inventory. Interview length averaged 23 minutes (range: 9-46 minutes) per subject. Additionally, we conducted phone interviews with 5 individuals from 4 California government agencies; each interview took 30-60 minutes.
Key findings:
- Knowledge and Awareness: While there was far greater interest in participating in this study than we originally anticipated, the level of understanding—both defining key terms and how nanotechnology may pose risks to workers in the construction industry—is quite shallow. Survey respondents and key informants voiced concern about this new technology; respondents could see the potential benefits that nanotechnology could bring to construction, but their past experience with products like asbestos and silica made them question whether long-term consequences may exist. For many, this survey was their first introduction to nanotechnology, particularly as it pertains to construction. The survey itself sparked in many participants an interest to learn more.
- Knowledge of materials listed in eLCOSH Inventory: Reviewing the 500-plus product list generated interest and raised awareness of nanotechnology and could be a useful tool if used more broadly. However, given our small sample size, and the fact that some of the entries on the inventory were very generic, we really weren’t able to draw too many conclusions.
- Current status of training: Comprehensive nanotechnology training is virtually non-existent. Barely 2% of survey participants had received training and most of these were Insulators who were being trained by a product manufacturer on proper techniques for applying the product rather than understanding the nano-enabled aspects of the material. However, the majority of study participants were interested in being trained about nanotechnology and believe it would be of value to construction workers.
- Government agency monitoring, control, and information: There was a surge of public sector activity around nanotechnology over the last 15 years, but this seems to have slowed now that the initial wave of funding and research has run its course. Two California agencies have the potential to gather information from nanomaterial manufacturers and make that information public, however neither is doing anything with nanomaterials at this time. They have some products on a watch list, but need more data to raise those to the action phase.
Recommendations:
A strategic plan to increase awareness and improve understanding of nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the construction industry must include a combination of research, outreach, training, and stakeholder collaboration. Information gaps need to be filled; the most basic first step is to develop clear and agreed-upon definitions of the terminology related to nanotechnology. Data are needed about how nanomaterials are currently being used in construction, the exposures workers are experiencing and the subsequent risks they face of potential health effects. Collaboration with public agencies, researchers, manufacturers, trainers and end-users is essential to accomplishing these goals.
Additional steps include developing a multi-craft training curriculum that includes the use of video and utilizing the eLCOSH Inventory as both an awareness tool and a way to learn more about products currently in use.
A. INTRODUCTION
Construction has the distinction of being the "number one" industry for many health and safety hazards, including falls, electrocutions and respirable crystalline silica. Our building and construction trades unions, apprenticeship programs and employers must constantly keep pace with control strategies, standards and training for a myriad of hazards to protect workers from harm. This can be challenging, even for hazards that have been recognized and researched for decades, or, as in the case of silica, centuries. Unions are at the forefront, advocating for workers' rights and protections, engineering controls, policies and procedures, and personal protective equipment that will keep workers safe.
Over a century ago, California construction unions joined together to form the State Building and Construction Trades Council of California, AFL-CIO (SBCTC), a multi-craft association whose mission is to "improve the health, jobs, safety and economic conditions of the members of its affiliates, and all working men, women, and minors in the construction industry." SBCTC is the California affiliate of North America's Building Trades Unions (NABTU) and has collaborated with the Center for Construction Research and Training (CPWR) on the topics of noise and hearing loss prevention, silica, and ergonomics. For more than twenty years, SBCTC has developed numerous health and safety education programs with funding from the federal OSHA Susan Harwood training grant program. This work has established the SBCTC as a leader in construction health and safety, enabling us to build a network of safety trainers in California and become a trusted source for health and safety information among unions, apprenticeship programs and contractors.
We learned from CPWR and other sources that the construction industry was seeing increased use of applications of nanotechnology and nano-enabled materials. The field of nanotechnology is growing exponentially, accompanied by claims of amazing benefits, not only for society, but specifically for construction. Nanotechnology could potentially improve our building materials, promising to make them lighter, stronger, more durable, energy efficient, and engineered to provide solutions for public health hazards from sequestering air pollution to controlling bacteria in hospitals. While the spotlight has been focused on the research and development (R&D) side of nanotechnology and nano-enabled materials, what remains largely unknown are the potential downstream impacts these new materials may have on the environment and on the trades workers who must handle, cut, drill, grind, and apply them in their daily work, and eventually remove them at the end of their life-cycle.
It became clear that only a small amount of information had been gathered regarding levels of awareness, understanding and training about this emerging technology among construction stakeholders. Indeed, over the years of conducting needs assessments and offering programs on various health and safety topics, nanotechnology and nanomaterials had never surfaced within our training sphere. Anecdotally, the mention of "nanotechnology" or "engineered nanomaterials" in conversations with union reps, apprenticeship staff and contractor reps, would elicit responses ranging from a blank stare, a "what's that?", cautious trepidation about potential new regulatory standards, and awareness limited to knowledge that it exists.
With California boasting the sixth largest economy in the world, being a global hub for new technology R&D and innovative green building technologies, as well as a national leader in worker health and safety and environmental protection standards, we may expect that our construction industry would be informed about the benefits and concerns relating to nanotechnology. But, in reality, we had no organized feedback stream to indicate whether these innovations were on anyone's "radar screen" at all.
When CPWR researchers informed us that an online list already existed, the "eLCOSH Construction Nanomaterials Inventory" (eLCOSH Inventory), identifying over 500 construction products currently available on the commercial market in the U.S., we agreed to propose a small study project to survey a target population of SBCTC affiliates, our trainer network and contractors to better understand their level of nanotechnology awareness. Several questions surfaced immediately as we considered this topic:
Our study attempted to obtain feedback on these questions using both an online survey platform that could be easily accessed by our target audience and follow-up key informant interviews with a small subset of survey respondents. We knew at the outset that the scope of our study would be small, but it is a beginning exploration that we hope will inspire future work and assist researchers and construction stakeholders by exposing potential gaps in awareness and identifying next steps needed to bridge those gaps. CPWR had made similar efforts in other parts of the nation and we saw an opportunity to build upon their work and contribute to the existing data pool.
Going into this project, we truly did not know what to expect. We assumed that response levels would likely be low, and that awareness would be limited. With the many priorities that our target population deals with every day, we did not know if they would be willing to take the time to participate in this study, or if they would perceive other health and safety issues and training needs as more important. We hoped to get 100 completed surveys and were pleasantly surprised when we actually got more than twice that number. We also found that key informant candidates were very willing to participate in interviews. We learned that simply participating in our study sparked a greater interest in nanotechnology among interviewees.
Another aim of our study was to interview representatives from key California state agencies to determine if they are currently working on any monitoring, control, regulation or educational outreach related to nanotechnology or nanomaterials. We were able to accomplish this to an extent, but it was more challenging than expected. The results of these interviews are summarized in aggregate later in this report.
This study relates to NORA Construction Sector Strategic Goal #11, which covers building recognition and awareness of construction hazards and the means for controlling them by strengthening and extending the reach of quality training and education in the construction industry. Information gathered through our online survey and key informant processes specifically addresses Subgoals 11.1 (construction safety and health training needs assessment) and 11.2 (surveying current training programs about gaps in training on this topic).
Our purpose for conducting this study was to gather feedback from within the California unionized construction sector relating to nanotechnology and nanomaterials and to determine current involvement of state public agencies in monitoring nanomaterials. We would collect this information through a combination of online survey and key informant interviews. Our questioning centered around five topics:
In regard to awareness, training, and concerns among union representatives, similar work had been done previously by CPWR through voluntary completion of written surveys. Our goal was to expand upon their work by distributing our own survey questionnaire to SBCTC affiliates, apprenticeship programs and our network of safety program participants (primarily apprenticeship instructors and contractor health and safety trainers). Our survey was disseminated through the popular online SurveyMonkey platform which, for several years, we have used successfully to obtain feedback for our health and safety training programs. Participation in the survey was completely voluntary.
The online survey method offered the most efficient means for us to reach a larger pool of study participants. Online surveying has many positive aspects such as:
The main drawback to this type of online questionnaire is that it best lends itself to closed, multiple choice, short fill-in-the-blank questions or answer drop-down menus. Also, survey design is limited to the options available through the SurveyMonkey platform. Survey results would successfully give us a static snapshot of our target population, but we also wanted to include a process for doing more in-depth follow-up with participants who might have more detailed information to share. For this purpose, we designed a key informant interview protocol for selecting a sub-set of survey participants to be interviewed by phone.
The online survey and key informant interview processes are described in more detail in sections B2 and B3 below. The three questionnaires used for the online survey and key informant interviews are included in the Appendices (Section G) of this report. Each questionnaire was reviewed and approved for use by a CPWR Institutional Review Board (IRB) for protection of human subjects.
Study participants were recruited from our pool of SBCTC union and trainer networks. The SBCTC has a 50-member Executive Board (E-Board), 22 affiliated local building trades councils (BTCs), over 140 local union affiliates (Locals) from 14 different crafts. Additionally, more than 125 union apprenticeship programs (JATCs) are linked to these affiliates and are on our communication listserv. Individuals who have participated in our health and safety train-thetrainer program (TOT participants) make up a second group of potential study subjects. These include many union apprenticeship instructors as well as employer representatives such as General Foremen, Superintendents, Safety Managers, Project Managers, and risk management specialists from various-sized contracting companies.
The SBCTC maintains an electronic listserv that acts as our main conduit for communications to our E-Board, BTCs, Locals and JATCs. Communications are regularly issued in the form of a Bulletin that goes directly to individual email accounts. At the beginning of June 2017, we released a Bulletin requesting that SBCTC affiliates participate in our study project and share the recruitment information with their signatory contractors. The announcement described the study as "related to new emerging technology in construction" and intentionally avoided use of the terms nanotechnology, nanoparticles, nano-enabled materials and engineered nanomaterials that were to be assessed in the survey. Mention of these terms in the recruitment process may have created some bias favoring participants with interest in, or prior knowledge of, the topic over those who might perceive it as something that doesn't apply to them. Our goal was to obtain feedback from a balanced cross-section of the target audience, not just people who already had awareness of nanotechnology.
The announcement disclosed that the study is funded entirely through a grant from the Center for Construction Research and Training (CPWR) as part of SBCTC's ongoing work to promote state-of-the-art training and the safety and health of California building trades workers. The following statements were included to inform potential participants about the study:
We also indicated the online platform that would be used, estimated time required to complete the survey, and that strict confidentiality protocols were in place to protect individual participant identities. A hyperlink was provided in the Bulletin that would take participants directly to the online survey.
For the TOT participant pool, we sent an invitation with a hyperlink similar to the Bulletin via email. In addition to this electronic outreach, we also made direct presentations to the E-Board, and to attendees at SBCTC trainings. We also reached out to the leaders of safety committees at three construction contractor associations by email and personal phone calls asking for their support in distributing our survey invitation to their affiliates. These associations were the Construction Employers Association (CEA), the United Contractors (UCON), and the Associated General Contractors (AGC). The CEA responded that it is their policy not to ask affiliates to take surveys from outside organizations and that they would not be able to help us recruit participants. The AGC indicated that they would be willing, but we never received confirmation that they actually distributed the information. UCON did not give a formal response, however our Project Coordinator distributed survey recruitment flyers at a silica training she presented to their safety committee.
Through June and July, the first two months the survey was open, we received 139 survey responses. At the beginning of August, we released a second SBCTC Bulletin reminding affiliates to participate in the study. In August and September we received another 179 survey responses, and one more late survey came in December before we closed the online link. Of the total 319 surveys received, 66 of them were either incomplete, blank or duplicates and did not qualify for the study. This left 253 viable surveys that are included in the study.
The questionnaire used for the online survey included 31 questions. A blank copy of the survey is included in the Appendices. These questions followed specific topics of interest as outlined in Table 1.
| TABLE 1- TOPICS COVERED IN ONLINE SURVEY | |
|---|---|
| Topic | Question # |
| Confidentiality Agreement/Consent | 1 |
| Demographic information and work experience | 2-11 |
| Awareness of nanotechnology | 12-14 |
| Training related to nanotechnology | 15-19 |
| Benefits and concerns related to nanotechnology | 20-25 |
| Information sources and need for training | 26-28 |
| eLCOSH Inventory | 29-31 |
CPWR shared a sample of an 11-question written survey "OPCMIA Survey—Nanotechnology in Construction April 16, 2014" they had used previously when doing similar investigation. We incorporated 10 of their 11 questions into our online survey so that direct data comparisons could be made based on the results of our study. These survey questions related to: experience in the trades; application of nanotechnology in construction; training addressing nanotechnology; benefits and concerns related to nanotechnology (Likert-type scale); concern for specific nanoparticle types. We collected additional demographic information such as:
contact information; age group; current affiliation; job title; company/organization size. We also collected additional information about training experience, recognition of nanotechnology terms, information sources, and the eLCOSH Inventory.
Upon opening the survey, respondents view an information and confidentiality agreement and must actively indicate their acknowledgement and consent by clicking a checkbox. It is here that participants learn that the study topic is nanotechnology. Only when they agree, can they move forward with the survey. Participants navigate through five sections matching the topics identified in Table 1. The first eleven questions ask for basic demographic data. At question 12, nanotechnology terms are introduced for the first time. The survey design employs skip logic to automatically navigate participants through the questionnaire based on their responses to specific questions. For example, if a respondent indicated they had never heard of any of the four terms (nanotechnology, nanoparticles, nano-enabled materials, engineered nanomaterials), skip logic advanced them directly to the Product List section, as all questions in between would be moot.
No questions required an answer; participants could skip any questions that they did not want to answer. The most complex survey question was the eLCOSH Inventory review. We were committed to testing the list to determine to what extent these products are recognized within our target audience. To our knowledge, this has not been done before and this information could be helpful for future research. In order to include a list with more than 500 entries for review, it was necessary to insert it as an image. It would have been preferable to have participants review it as a checklist; however SurveyMonkey did not have a format that would support a list of this size.
Before presenting the list, we explain how the list is organized and warn respondents that it is quite long. We ask them to note any product they have heard about, seen on-the-job or actually worked with. After reading this information, respondents are asked to check a box indicating if they are willing to review the inventory list or prefer to skip the list. This helps us to know whether respondents made an active choice about the list versus just skipping the question. A majority (70%) of survey participants opted to review the list. CPWR provided the eLCOSH Inventory list to us in Excel format. The list was organized into categories by type of product. We assigned a letter code for each category and a number code for each product in that group. If a participant recognized a product, they would need to note the code letter and number and, in the next question, enter that information into the appropriate field for each category. This was not our preferred way of handling the inventory list, but it was the best way we could make it work given the limitations of the survey program.
Judging by the strong number of completed responses, we believe the survey design worked well. Most questions could be answered quickly and easily. We did not hear any negative feedback about the survey project from affiliates. Results of the survey are presented in Section C.
Our study plan called for doing 20 key informant interviews with survey participants and three with staff from California government agencies. We created two questionnaires to be used for oral interviews in this study. Samples of both questionnaires are included in the Appendices. The first was for survey respondent follow-up interviews and the second for government agency representative interviews.
The purpose of these key informant interviews was to obtain more detailed information from a subset of survey participants who met one or more of the following selection criteria based on their questionnaire responses:
We analyzed the survey results and identified potential key informants. Once we identified a pool that met the above criteria, we narrowed the selection to achieve a balance of trades, and representation from union staff, apprenticeship, and employers. We reached out to members of this group and found 21 who agreed to be key informants. The demographics of this final group are summarized in section B4.
The informant questionnaire is written in a scripted format so that the interviewer could assure consistency between interviews. The interviewer begins by reading a disclosure explaining the purpose for the interview, that it is voluntary, can be stopped at any time, how results will be reported, the confidentiality agreement and informed consent. We also ask permission to digitally record the interviews to assure we capture informants' responses accurately. All 21 interviewees agreed to be recorded.
Questioning begins with demographic information: occupation; trade; employment status; job title; years in the trade. Since this interview is being conducted in follow-up to the interviewee's survey responses, the questions match the topics covered in the online survey. There are a total of 24 questions that relate to nanotechnology awareness and knowledge, eLCOSH Inventory, training, risks and concerns. Key informants are only asked questions that are relevant to their survey responses, so not all 24 questions are covered with each interviewee. Our hope was that we could prompt key informants to describe their thoughts related to nanotechnology and provide more details about their experiences. The length of these interviews averaged 23 minutes (range: 9-46 minutes) per subject.
The purpose of these interviews is to find out what's being done within key California public agencies related to oversight of nanotechnology, hazard information, protections for workers, monitoring, tracking, and regulation. These key informants are staffers working within Cal/OSHA, the Department of Public Health (DPH), and the California Environmental Protection Agency's Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) sharing their perspectives on nanotechnology. The interview included 13 questions pertaining to the role different agencies serve with regard to nanotechnology, current programs, enforcement, education, collaboration and data sharing. We explored interviewees' knowledge of applications of nanotechnology in construction and if any specific issues or concerns have surfaced. We also wanted to learn who their trusted sources are for information about nanotechnology and nanomaterials. These interviews ranged from 30-60 minutes in length.
This information is summarized separately for online survey respondents and key informant interviewees, the two main groups addressed in this study. In the online survey we asked for quite a lot of demographic information. This is useful not only to assure we met our target population goals, but also to look for any trends that may emerge among subgroup relationships with nanotechnology. Since key informants were a subgroup of survey respondents, we simply asked for their occupation, trade, and how many years they had worked in construction.
| Category | Job Titles Summary |
|---|---|
| Apprenticeship | Administrator; Training Director; Coordinator; Instructor; Facility Supervisor |
| Union | Business Manager; Assistant Business Manager; Business Agent/Rep; District Rep/Trustee; Compliance Officer; Secretary/Treasurer; President; Vice President; Organizer; |
| Construction Management | Safety Coordinator/ Director/Manager; Senior Safety Engineer; Site Safety Manager; Project Executive/Manager/Estimator; General Foreman; Superintendent; Logistics Superintendent; |
| Craft Workers | Foreman; Journeyman; Apprentice; Technician; Installer; Retiree |
| Risk Management | Senior Risk Consultant; Owner Safety Consulting |
This concludes the demographic information collected through the online survey. Results of the remaining survey questions are reported in "Section C. Results/Data Summary." We feel we met our target population goal, reaching a diversity of trades and a balance of apprenticeship and union representatives. Of note, we had fewer contractors respond than we anticipated. We did significant outreach to contractor organizations that we had worked with in the past to help us disseminate the survey to their members. The response to this outreach could be described as "lukewarm" with one association declining outright our request to share the survey with their members. Other associations showed slight interest but did not actually follow through in disseminating the survey request to their members. The contractor representatives who did participate in the study were, for the most part, individuals who had attended health and safety training programs that we offer.
The 21 survey respondents interviewed as key informants came from 13 different crafts. In choosing these individuals from the pool of eligible candidates, we selected for a cross-section of crafts and for those whose questionnaire answers met multiple aspects of our selection criteria. Given the scope of this study project, it was feasible only to interview a small number of key informants. We realized from the outset that it would not be a statistically relevant sample size representative of any one group. Therefore, we were most interested in hearing several different perspectives from a variety of participants who had many years of experience working in construction. Through these conversations we hoped to gain further insight into their understanding of nanotechnology generally as well as give them the opportunity to describe any specific experience in their own words. The following demographic information describing this subset was derived from a combination of their interview and survey responses.
Boilermakers
Carpenters
Drywall/Lathers
Elevator Constructors
Millwrights
Plasterers
Roofers/Waterproofers
Sheet Metal Workers
Tile Layer/Finisher
In summary, the survey follow-up key informant group includes highly-experienced construction professionals who hold leadership positions and have control over worker training programs. While they may not work with the tools anymore, they are the people responsible for educating union workers to perform their craft, managing joint programs with employers, addressing health and safety training and concerns, and preparing new workers just entering the profession for using cutting-edge technologies and products in the heavy industrial/commercial construction sector. Their understanding and perception of nanotechnology can be expected to influence the workforce in a significant way.
We were able to get five individuals serving on staff at three California government agencies to agree to be interviewed for our study. The agencies represented are: Cal/OSHA; Department of Public Health (DPH) Health and Human Services (HHS) and Occupational Health Branch (OHB) sectors; CA Environmental Protection Agency Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC).
These individuals have held the following job titles: Senior Safety Engineer; Toxicologist; Research Scientist; Chief of Site Assessment; Deputy Director; Chief Scientist.
Three of the five people interviewed had worked at their agencies in various capacities for 25- 30 years, and the remaining two for 2-6 years. All had some level of experience with nanotechnology and nanomaterials. None of the interviewees participated in our study as official public information spokespersons for their agencies, but rather, were sharing their personal experience working as professionals within the public sector. We will consider the input they shared to be their own and not necessarily reflective of the position of their agency. Results of these interviews will be presented in aggregate to protect the confidentiality of individual respondents.
The information we collected in this study falls under these key topic areas as identified in Section B2 Table 1:
These topic areas apply to both the survey and follow-up interview data we collected, however, because these two methods are very distinct, it is most efficient to present the results separately. Online survey results are summarized first in Section C1 and then follow-up key informant interview feedback in Section C2.
Key informant interviews of government agency staff followed a different line of questioning that was more appropriate to their experience level. Results of these interviews are summarized in aggregate in Section C3 and are organized by individual question rather than general topics.
The following is a summary of data collected from the 253 surveys completed online through the SurveyMonkey platform. The demographics for this group of respondents was described previously in Section B4a.
There were three questions (#s 12-14) designed to determine to what extent study subjects had basic awareness or recognition of nanotechnology. These related to nanotechnology terminology, applications in construction, and personal experience with nano-enabled materials.
Question #12 asked participants to indicate if they had heard any of these four terms:They were instructed to select all that applied. Respondents could also indicate that they had never heard of any of the terms or that they were not sure if they had heard them or not. All 253 survey participants responded to this question. At this point, two distinct groups immediately emerged, those with and without knowledge. 81% (n=205) of survey participants responded in the affirmative, recognizing one or more of these terms or indicating that they weren't sure if they had heard them. These respondents continued forward to the next survey question.
The second group comprising 19% (n=48) of survey participants indicated that they had never heard of any of the terms. This effectively tells us they have no awareness of nanotechnology at all. At this point, these respondents were automatically advanced to the final set of questions regarding the eLCOSH Inventory product list, skipping the bulk of the survey in between. We felt that it would be fruitless to have participants go through a lot of questions about which they likely had no knowledge but believed it would be significant to know if they recognized any nano-enabled products from the inventory, whether or not they were aware of nanotechnology generally. We will look at results from this smaller sub-group first.
While our survey gathered much more information from study participants who indicated some level of knowledge about nanotechnology, we were equally interested in examining the makeup of the group who did not indicate any awareness. This information can be very useful for targeting future outreach and education efforts.
The 48 survey respondents who indicated no awareness of nanotechnology terms came from 14 different trades as shown below. For most of these trades, these individuals represented only a portion of total survey respondents from their craft. These percentages are shown in column two. The one exception is Floor Covering Installers; 100% of whom indicated they had not heard of terms.
| Trade | % of Total Respondents Surveyed from That Trade (=N) |
|---|---|
| Floor Covering Installer | 100% (3) |
| Drywall Finisher | 50% (2) |
| Operating Engineer | 44% (4) |
| Carpenter | 33% (1) |
| HVAC | 33% (1) |
| Laborer | 33% (1) |
| Plumber | 30% (6) |
| Cement Mason | 25% (1) |
| Painter | 25% (1) |
| Iron Worker | 21% (3) |
| Electrician | 16% (13) |
| Sheet Metal Worker | 14% (1) |
| Pipefitter/Steamfitter | 11% (4) |
| Insulator | 11% (3) |
With regard to affiliation, this subgroup closely matched the composition of the general survey group. Shown below is the breakdown within the subgroup and the percentage of total survey respondents they represent:
| Affiliation | % of Subgroup | % of Larger Survey Pool w/Same Affiliation |
|---|---|---|
| Union Apprenticeship | 46% (n=22) | 22% |
| Union Representative | 27% (n=13) | 17% |
| Construction Craft Worker | 19% (n=9) | 18% |
| Construction Contractor | 8% (n=4) | 18% |
We discovered that three of the respondents who self-identified their affiliation as Union Apprenticeship Representatives concurrently hold positions for contractors as safety managers and foremen. It is not atypical in the union construction sector for individuals to hold more than one position, working on jobsites during the day and instructing apprentices at evening or weekend classes. We trust that study participants chose the affiliation that best represents them.
More than half of this subgroup were from large companies/organizations with over 200 employees and over 83% provide training to others. All but two have worked in their trade for 10 years or more, with over 36% having more than 30 years of experience. Positions held by these individuals are: Safety Manager; Project Manager; Senior Safety Engineer; General Foreman and Foreman; Instructor; Apprenticeship Coordinator; Business Manager; Journeyman; Apprentice; Business Rep; District Rep.
We did not find signs from this information to indicate that this subgroup stands-out as significantly differing from the larger pool of survey respondents. The sample size is simply too small to infer any general conclusions. When looking at only a few individuals, differences may be attributed to any number of personal factors that influence awareness. What is interesting is that, for the majority of these trades (12 out of 14), more respondents had heard of nanotechnology than not, even though other factors (affiliation, company size, job title, years of experience, trainer status) were consistent.
Regarding affiliation, just under a quarter of all survey respondents representing apprenticeship training programs indicated no awareness of nanotechnology terms. Most of this subgroup are trainers yet have no awareness. It also seems surprising that employer representatives in high level positions relating to safety, project management and worker supervision are among those with no awareness of nanotechnology.
Almost a quarter (n=11) of these 48 study participants, while having no awareness of nanotechnology, recognized products in the eLCOSH Inventory. These findings will be covered in Section C1e.
Of the 205 who gave affirmative answers to Question 12, only 19% (n=47) were “not sure” if they’d heard of any of the terms. Of the four terms tested, "Nanotechnology" topped the list for recognition with "Nanoparticles" being the second most recognized. Awareness of terms diminished each time they became more specific such as "Engineered nanomaterials" and "Nano-enabled materials." We did not randomize choices on this survey question; nevertheless the last two terms were not selected in the order listed. Here are the results for this subgroup:
Because it was a "check all that apply" question, 48% (n=98) of respondents selected multiple terms. Of those, 41 recognized all four terms, 11 recognized three terms, and 46 recognized two terms from the list.
The 41 who demonstrated the greatest awareness of terms came from these trades in descending order: Electricians; Insulators; Pipefitter/Steamfitters; Roofer/Waterproofers; Iron Workers; Plasterers; Plumbers; Cement Masons; Glaziers; Sheet Metal Workers; Tile Layers/Finishers. There were also 4 contractor representatives in this group who were not affiliated with any trade. All 205 participants advanced to the next awareness questions. Questions #13 and #14 of our survey ask for the same data that was covered in four questions on 2014 OPCMIA survey provided to us by CPWR.
Question #13 asked if respondents were aware of nanotechnology being applied in the construction industry and/or that products containing nanomaterials are commercially available in the United States. Within this subgroup of 205 participants, 44% (n=90) answered no and 31% (n=63) said yes. The remaining 25% (n=52) were not sure. At this point, those respondents who checked "no" were automatically advanced to Question #20 relating to Nanotechnology Benefits and Concerns, skipping past the personal experience and training questions. Logically, if these respondents had seen or used nano-enabled products on-the-job or received/delivered training about nanotechnology in construction, we could infer that they would have answered this question affirmatively. The remaining 115 respondents continued on to the next series of questions.
With Question #14 we tried to delve deeper to learn if the 115 respondents had any personal experience with nano-enabled products. 22 said that they had “noticed product(s) incorporating nanotechnology or marketed with the word "nano" on-the-job. 13 said they had actually worked with a nano-enabled product first-hand. 25 knew other workers who had used nano-enabled products but had not themselves. 51 had no experience of nano products and 25 did not know. This was a "check all that apply" question and some individuals checked multiple boxes.
Looking more closely at the responses of the 13 who knew they had actually worked first-hand with nano-enabled materials, we learned that the majority (11) are Insulators. The remaining 2 are a Painter and a Pipefitter/Steamfitter. It is significant to note that this group represents only 5% of all online survey participants.
Those who had used products were asked to describe them in a comment box. The Insulators, who were hyper-aware of one specific group of nano-enabled insulation products, provided the most comments (7) about the materials. These products caused them great concern and we hear about them throughout the survey and key informant interviews. Their concerns are discussed later in Section C1c. Two other comments were made by non-Insulators, one mentioning new orbital welding machines with "nano heads," while the other referenced having worked as a mechanical contractor in the semi-conductor and pharmaceutical industries but did not actually identify any specific products.
Awareness of nanotechnology among the majority of our survey population appears to be fairly general, and primarily related to recognition of commonly used terms. We cannot know from this level of research if that knowledge comes from their construction experience or from other sources unrelated to their work. Nor does it tell us the depth of their understanding of these terms. The number of survey participants who have more specific awareness decreased each time we asked more detailed questions, and dropped significantly when we looked for first-hand, personal experience using actual applications of nanotechnology in construction. In fact, that experience was clearly dominated by one craft.
We cannot discern from the survey responses how many participants may unwittingly be exposed to nanotechnology and nano-enabled products in construction. The next section continues on with the 115 respondents to explore levels of training they had given or received.
Survey questions 15-19 attempt to determine what levels of training individuals experience on the topic of nanotechnology and nano-enabled products. This is similar to a line of questioning used in the 2014 OPCMIA survey provided to us by CPWR.
Question #15 asks participants if they have received and/or delivered training related to nanotechnology or nanomaterials in construction. We received 114 answers to this question. A vast majority of 89% had never had training (n=88) or were not sure if they had training (n=13). These respondents advanced to Question #19, skipping the training detail questions.
Only 5 respondents (4 Insulators and 1 contractor safety consultant) indicated they had received training, accounting for only 4% of the group. The 4 Insulators received training from the company manufacturing and marketing the nano-enabled insulation products. Although we were not able to gather specific details about this training in the online survey, we gathered feedback from Insulators in the follow-up key informant interviews. The safety consultant had attended a Stanford University research presentation; it was unclear as to whether this related to construction or more generally to nanotechnology.
A total of 8 people (7 insulators and 1 electrician) said they had delivered training on the topic of nanotechnology. Question #16 asked these respondents to describe the training materials they used. Answers included: videos; handouts; Safety Data Sheets; product brochures and product materials; CPWR research material. In Question #17 respondents identified their training material sources as follows: CPWR; product manufacturer materials delivered by company reps; the internet; the environmental health and safety division (no further details were given with this entry). Question #18 asked respondents to use a Likert-type scale to rate usefulness of their current materials ranging from "not useful" to "very useful": 6 felt the materials were useful; 1 rated them very useful; and 1 said they were somewhat useful.
A final question concludes the training section of the survey. At this point we get back to the group of 115 respondents who were aware of nanotechnology applications in construction. Question #19 asks if respondents are interested in getting new training materials regarding nanotechnology in construction. A large majority (75%) were interested. Only 6 were not interested, and 24 were not sure.
What we learned from this section of the survey is that very few respondents have received any training about nanotechnology or nano-enabled products. The 5 respondents who had been trained represent barely 2% of all online survey respondents. Based upon survey results, the only trade that seems to be receiving and delivering training are the Insulators. The training they receive is primarily being presented by company representatives from a manufacturer specific to their product. It is difficult to determine from the survey responses to what extent this training includes general education about nanotechnology applications in construction or health and safety information versus training on how to use their product. More details are revealed from Insulators in the key informant interviews as well as input from other trades that may not have been captured in the survey. We also learned that there is strong interest in new training materials about nanotechnology.
In this section, we return to gathering information from the larger subgroup of 205 respondents who indicated some awareness of nanotechnology through recognition of terms. Our interest here is to explore perceptions and attitudes about nanomaterials and nanotechnology generally. We are looking for any trends in positive, negative, or neutral opinions about possible benefits and effects from nanotechnology applications.
Survey questions #20-23 were taken directly from the 2014 OPCMIA survey provided to us by CPWR. The first three ask respondents to use a Likert scale with 8 choices ranging from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree" or an "I don't know" option to describe their level of agreement with statements about nanotechnology. Question #23 provides a list of known nanoparticles and asks respondents to check any that raise health and safety concerns. There is also an "I don't know" option. Question #24 asks respondents who checked items on the list to explain their concerns about these nanoparticles.
About half of survey participants who answered each question chose "I don't know" as their response. Of those who chose a rating from the scale, a slight majority of our respondents were neutral, neither agreeing nor disagreeing with the statements. For those who were not neutral, the propensity was towards agreement to each question. The strongest agreement was that nanotechnology could provide significant environmental and public benefit. Next was that occupational exposures could pose a significant health risk. And last was that nanotechnology in construction could potentially harm the environment. These are the results for each question.
| Strongly Disagree | Disagree | Slightly Disagree | Neither Agree Nor Disagree | Slightly Agree | Agree | Strongly Agree | I don't know |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Occupational exposures to nanomaterials likely pose a significant health risk to construction workers. | |||||||
| 2 | 5 | 7 | 39 | 9 | 24 | 13 | 106 |
| Discounting the 106 people who marked “I Don’t Know” the weighted average of those who answered is 5.94, which is just shy of “Agree.” | |||||||
| Use of nanotechnology in construction has the potential to provide significant environmental and public benefit. | |||||||
| 2 | 7 | 1 | 30 | 15 | 43 | 8 | 99 |
| Discounting the 99 people who marked “I Don’t Know” the weighted average of those who answered is 6.36, which is a strong “Agree” moving toward “Strongly Agree.” | |||||||
| Use of nanotechnology in construction has the potential to significantly harm the environment. | |||||||
| 0 | 8 | 4 | 45 | 12 | 20 | 3 | 113 |
| Discounting the 113 people who marked “I Don’t Know” the weighted average of those who answered is 5.52, which is midway between Slightly Agree and Agree. | |||||||
When asked whether specific nanoparticles raise occupational health and safety concerns, 66% (n=133) of 201 respondents said, “I don’t know.” The remaining 68 respondents noted concern about each of the items on the list as follows:
| Nanoparticles | Number of Responses |
|---|---|
| Zinc Oxide | 52 |
| Aluminum Oxide | 50 |
| Titanium Dioxide | 42 |
| Cerium Oxide | 36 |
| Copper | 34 |
| Carbon Nanotubes | 34 |
Question #24 asks these respondents to further describe their concerns about these nanoparticles in a write-in comment box. 57 of our respondents explained their concerns as follows:
In Question #25 we ask respondents if they are aware of any worker health issues or complaints related to working with nanomaterials. Of the 198 people who answered this question, a large majority 92% (n=183) answered "no" with only 15 individuals saying yes. Of these 15 who said they were aware of complaints, 12 were insulators, and the others were a sheet metal worker, electrician, and a plumber/pipefitter. When asked to describe the issues/complaints, 10 were specifically concerned about dry skin, bloody nose, can’t wash it off; drying out skin and eyes; difficulty breathing; the immediate health effects such as moisture absorption to your entire body. Two people mentioned Mesothelioma. One said that the workers hate the product, but this was mostly because it was difficult to get a professional finish and to clean up.
In this section of the survey we seek to learn more about where our study subjects would likely search for information and if they would have interest in being provided with nanotechnology information in the future. We also are interested in knowing their opinion regarding the value of future training on this topic.
Survey Questions #26-28 applied to our 205-respondent subgroup. These respondents were asked to check (from a list of 10) which sources they would trust most if they wanted to learn about potential hazards of working with nanomaterials. In descending order, these were:
Cal OSHA (127)
Federal OSHA (98)
Union (96)
CPWR (73)
NIOSH (68)
Internet Search (60)
Trade/Employer Association (40)
Industry journals (39)
Colleagues (31)
My employer (25)
Other (please specify) (11)
Respondents wrote-in: independent studies; the SDS; the Canadian Ministries of Labour and Health; environmental organizations.
74% of our respondents indicated that they would be interested in getting more information about nanotechnology or nanomaterials in construction. 16% were not sure and 10% were not interested in further information.
When asked if providing training about nanomaterials in construction would be valuable, 67% (n=136) of our respondents felt that it would and 31% indicated they were not sure. Only four people said that there would be no value.
As part of the study, we wanted to find out if people had awareness of any nano-enabled products. The final three survey questions address respondents' awareness of products listed in the eLCOSH Inventory. We got the list from CPWR and it numbered more than 500. We were challenged by how to present such a large list in a way that enabled respondents to most easily find the products that might relate to their craft. A further challenge was that SurveyMonkey design options did not let us include any kind of check boxes next to the product names. We dealt with these challenges by clearly headlining each product group and numbering each product. Respondents were then instructed to jot down the number assigned to each product that they recognized, and list those numbers at the end. No doubt, we lost several responses with this process.
All 253 survey participants had the option of answering these questions. Participants first indicated if they were willing to review the rather lengthy list of products. 71% (n=179) of respondents agreed to review the list. The remaining 74 survey participants who preferred to skip the list review advanced past the remaining questions to the end of the survey.
Of the 179 participants who reviewed the list, 32% (n=57) said that no products looked familiar and 24% (n=43) were not sure. 44% (n=79) responded that some products stood out as ones they recognized or had used. Out of these 79, there were 68 respondents from our subgroup of participants with awareness of nanotechnology and 11 from the subgroup with no awareness of nanotechnology. We will review the eLCOSH Inventory findings for each of these groups separately beginning with those who had never heard the nanotechnology terms.
From the subgroup of 48 respondents who had not heard of nanotechnology or other related terms, 11 recognized or had used products listed in the eLCOSH Inventory. Of these, 7 identified specific products in the following 20 out of the possible 33 categories:
A table listing the specific products identified in each category is included in the Appendices. The 7 respondents came from the following 6 trades: Carpenters; Cement Masons; Drywall Finishers; Floor Covering Installers; Iron Workers; Plumbers. The most frequently recognized product listings in the eLCOSH Inventory are generic such as: exterior/interior paint; treated lumber; shower and tile treatment. Unless 100% of these available products on the market are nano-enabled, it is not clear whether respondents are using nano or non-nano products.
From our subgroup of 205 respondents who had heard of one or more nanotechnology terms, 68 recognized or had used products listed in the eLCOSH Inventory and 58 of these actually listed the products they recognized. This group represented 18 different crafts (listed below), a safety consultant and a General Contractor Safety Director.
The two categories with the highest responses were Insulation and Lumber with 21 and 18 responses each. The categories with recognized products are listed below in descending order.
For the following categories, respondents entered information that did not match our coding system, so their answers are not clear. Each of the first 3 categories have only one product so it is possible that respondents meant to identify that. There are multiple products listed in the "Prepregs" category so we're not sure which of these respondents were trying to identify.
It is interesting that, if we count the 4 categories with unclear responses, survey participants identified products in all 33 categories that were included in the eLCOSH Inventory. In total, 65 survey participants made the effort to note specific products that stood out to them from the eLCOSH Inventory. This represents 36% of respondents who claimed they reviewed the list and 26% of all survey participants. A majority of our survey participants did not identify specific products for reasons unknown. The list may have been too long and complicated. The method we needed to use to note products may have been too cumbersome. For some who had never heard of nanotechnology, looking at a long list may have seemed fruitless even though we did not say the products on the list were nanomaterials. This is a first attempt at bringing the eLCOSH Inventory to our target audience. The response level we achieved was better than we had expected. Additionally, the key informant follow-up interviews helped us learn more about this question with 16 of our 21 subjects having participated in the eLCOSH Inventory review. These individuals represent 9 different crafts and a contractor. These results will be presented in the next section on key informant interviews.'
The 21 respondents who participated in key informant interviews were selected because their online survey responses indicated they possessed some knowledge and/or direct experience with nanotechnology/nanomaterials, had received training on the topic, or held some concern about its use in construction. Our line of questioning used in these interviews was divided into four segments related to the topics covered in our online survey:
We interviewed 4 Insulators, more than from any other single craft, because our survey results indicated that they have the most experience with actual usage of nano-enabled products and training. We thought it was worth hearing about their experience from more than 1 or 2 individuals to see if there are consistencies or differences. Since we also had a larger group of survey participants from the Plumbers/Pipefitters/Steamfitters, we spoke with 3 individuals from that craft. There were 3 crafts (Cement Masons, Tile Layer/Finishers, Electricians) from which we had 2 viable candidates each. The remaining 7 crafts from which we had only 1 informant each, and the single contractor representative are aggregated together into the "Other" group. Here is the affiliation breakdown for these key informants:
We found it useful to organize responses to certain questions by craft so that we could determine if themes emerge across all trades or remain specific to one craft. In other cases, where individual craft delineations did not seem significant, we present the findings in aggregate. The findings are reported according to the four topic segments described previously.
This is the core topic of our study, attempting to discover to what level members of the union construction sector are aware of nanotechnology. We spent a good part of each interview on this segment, asking a variety of questions to draw out reactions, experiences, knowledge and applications related to nanotechnology and nano-enabled products. Findings for each question are presented with a summary followed by a table of actual responses, organized by craft, so that the words of the respondents are in the record.
First Thing That Comes to Mind
Interviews for the awareness section began with the simple question, "What's the first thing that comes to mind when I say nanotechnology?" This would give us an immediate sense of respondents' basic perception of nanotechnology. Informants' answers were quite varied; there was no single consistent answer that would indicate a common, shared knowledge of the meaning of nanotechnology. Frequency of repeated themes are listed here in descending order, including the number of times they were mentioned:
Aside from a few who gave short, direct answers, many informants seemed to exhibit a somewhat vague sense of what nanotechnology means, stretching to come up with an explanation. A couple of Insulators immediately associated the term with their experience of a specific product and manufacturer. We weren't looking for a right or wrong answer here, but rather an initial reaction to the term. Individual responses illustrate the variety of awareness. Quotes are organized by craft and listed in the table below.
| Question: What's the first thing that comes to mind when I say nanotechnology? | |
|---|---|
| Trade Group | Key Informant Quotes |
| Insulators |
|
| Plumbers/ Pipefitters/ Steamfitters |
|
| Cement Masons |
|
| Electricians |
|
| Tile Layers/ Finishers |
|
| Others (Boilermaker, Millwright, Sheet Metal Worker, Elevator Constructor, Roofer/ Waterproofer, Drywall/Lather, Plasterer, Contractor safety rep) |
|
First Awareness
Next, we wanted to know how and when respondents first became aware that nanotechnology was being used in construction. Five out of the 21 interviewed indicated their first awareness came through participation in this study. For others who could recall when they became aware, most indicated it had been within the last 3-8 years. One person, a Plumber, thought they had first heard of it in construction as far back as 1986 related to "medical gas" work, but were not sure it was called nanotechnology. One safety professional had actually studied nanotechnology in an industrial hygiene course as part of training for Construction Health and Safety Technician (CHST) certification.
Insulators demonstrated the most in-depth knowledge and actual personal experience with material known to be nano-enabled. These respondents consistently focused around a couple of specific products from one manufacturer that had been introduced to their field about 8 years ago. They were the only interviewees that actively engaged about the pros and cons of using a specific nano-enabled material in construction, receiving feedback from front-line workers, actively discussing worker health and safety concerns, training, and exposure control strategies. They stood out from all other trades as having the most to say about application of nanotechnology in construction and expressed passionate concerns about its use in their craft. The concerns they voiced are peppered throughout their interviews and crossover the four topics we explored.
As for other trades, we found a more generic understanding of nanotechnology, with some respondents indicating a basic awareness of how nanomaterials are entering their craft. A few examples surfaced in the interviews as shown below:
No detail was given related to specific personal experience with these applications. The respondents who mentioned them did exhibit an awareness that nanotechnology plays or may play a role in these applications, but information breaks down quickly beyond that recognition. Some awareness is a result of reading trade magazines and information provided by manufacturers or attending trade conferences and hearing about applications being developed for use in the future. With regard to lasers, one respondent said, "At the training center back in Maryland…that's when I first heard about it, and I was made aware…laser technology had a lot to do with nanotechnology." This is a good example of the lack of depth of awareness indicated. Respondents recognize that a new technology is bringing new equipment and processes to construction but speculate about specific impacts. We note that respondents often spoke about nanotechnology in the third person using phrases like "they use," or "they are able to" versus in the first person that would indicate a more personal, direct experience. Actual quotes of responses to this interview question are listed below.
| Question: When did you first become aware that nanotechnology was being used in construction? | |
|---|---|
| Trade Group | Key Informant Quotes |
| Insulators |
|
| Plumbers/ Pipefitters/ Steamfitters |
|
| Cement Masons |
|
| Electricians |
|
| Tile Layers/ Finishers |
|
| Others (Boilermaker, Millwright, Sheet Metal Worker, Elevator Constructor, Roofer/ Waterproofer, Drywall/Lather, Plasterer, Contractor safety rep) |
|
Describing Nanotechnology to Others
We continued this line of inquiry but took a different tack by asking respondents to tell us how they would explain nanotechnology to a colleague who did not know that term. Two respondents said they could not or would not explain it to a colleague and 2 others indicated they would need more training and information. Some themes repeated by more than 1 respondent were:
Example of use in a specific product (Insulators) Generally referenced as being in products Related to processes or how work is being done Compared to silica particles Would tell others to "Google" it
Overall, respondents did not exhibit a strong confidence in their ability to explain nanotechnology to others. One gets the impression that they are not really certain of what to say about nanotechnology. As in the previous question, responses tended to be generalized, indicating that it involves small, unseen particles or robots being used to improve products.
Again, the Insulators focused on the properties of the product they know, which is to be expected.
It is interesting to note the tone of caution that emerges here from respondents when they think about talking to others. While there is recognition that nanotechnology applications in construction have potential to bring positive results, 33% of respondents would advise others to protect themselves, be concerned, take time to research the product and read data sheets. What this tells us is that there is immediate concern; what we don't know is if the concerns are specific to nanotechnology, or if these respondents would take a similar cautious approach with any new product that is not well known. We know for at least one Insulator, it is specific to nanotechnology because they state that upfront. It seems from the other comments that it is the fact that nanotechnology involves particles of a size too small to see, similar to silica dust and other, more well-understood materials. Nevertheless, for several respondents, caution would be their message to others before mention of benefits with regard to nanotechnology.
| Question: If I were a colleague who did not know the meaning of the term nanotechnology, how would you explain it to me? | |
|---|---|
| Trade Group | Key Informant Quotes |
| Insulators |
|
| Plumbers/ Pipefitters/ Steamfitters |
|
| Cement Masons |
|
| Electricians |
|
| Tile Layers/ Finishers |
|
| Others (Boilermaker, Millwright, Sheet Metal Worker, Elevator Constructor, Roofer/ Waterproofer, Drywall/ Lather, Plasterer, Contractor safety rep) |
|
Topic of Discussion
In follow-up to this theoretical question, we asked if indeed nanotechnology is ever a topic of discussion with coworkers, peers, union members, or employers. A slight majority of key informants (57%) said it is not a topic of discussion. At the other end of the spectrum, one Insulator called it their number one safety concern and indicated that it is discussed at joint labor/management committees and that members ask 3-4 times per year about allowable exposures. However, other Insulators did not indicate the same level of engagement. We were interested to hear from Plumbers/Pipefitters/Steamfitters that it is a topic of discussion among staff that are developing new training and that one instructor mentions it in each class. It was not clear exactly what aspects of nanotechnology they are referring to however.
A few informants felt that younger workers are more open to new technology and may know more about it than long-time veterans of the trade. There was also the observation that things are starting to change, and the belief that more people will be asking about nanotechnology. One person stated that, while it is not a topic of discussion now, we should start talking about it in the trades. We intentionally did not include quotes with this summary because it was more of a "yes or no" question.
Impact on Construction
One of the main aspects of nanotechnology that we were interested in exploring through this study was how it is impacting construction, in what ways it is surfacing. Our key informants identified many areas where they believe nanotechnology applies even if they weren't certain of its impact. The areas specifically mentioned were:
Regarding the impact of nanotechnology and nano-enabled materials on construction, responses were, for the most part, positive. Respondents discussed several ways they believed this new technology had brought improvements to construction. These comments are naturally based upon an individual's understanding of what nanotechnology is and, for those responses that are broader, it is difficult to determine if impacts described are a result of nanotechnology versus other engineering innovations.
| Question: From your perspective, what impact has nanotechnology had on construction? How has it surfaced in your trade or work that you have done? | |
|---|---|
| Trade Group | Key Informant Quotes |
| Insulators |
|
| Plumbers/ Pipefitters/ Steamfitters |
|
| Cement Masons |
|
| Electricians |
|
| Tile Layers/ Finishers |
|
| Others (Boilermaker, Millwright, Sheet Metal Worker, Elevator Constructor, Roofer/ Waterproofer, Drywall/Lather, Plasterer, Contractor safety rep) |
|
More Information Needed
Our final question in the awareness section of the interview asks respondents if there is any information about nanotechnology they would like to have that they do not have now. All but one respondent expressed interest in receiving more information. There is a strong desire to become more proficient at understanding nanotechnology. These are the main topics about which respondents desire more information:
| Question: Is there particular information you'd like to have about nanotechnology in construction that you don't have now? | |
|---|---|
| Trade Group | Key Informant Quotes |
| Insulators |
|
| Plumbers/ Pipefitters/ Steamfitters |
|
| Cement Masons |
|
| Electricians |
|
| Tile Layers/ Finishers |
|
| Others (Boilermaker, Millwright, Sheet Metal Worker, Elevator Constructor, Roofer/ Waterproofer, Drywall/Lather, Plasterer, Contractor safety rep) |
|
In this section of the interviews we wanted to give respondents a chance to speak more about what stood out to them when they reviewed the list of products. In the online survey, respondents could only identify products; there was no easy way for them to give us more feedback about their experience with products. We realize that, for the purposes of this study, we are just collecting a hand-full of responses to the inventory; it is by no means a thorough examination or a representative sample. We have very little information regarding the extent to which nano-enabled products are being used in construction. Our intention here was to gather feedback that may be helpful in coming up with better ways to test the inventory and to get a sense of how much, or how little, information our audience may be receiving about these products.
Of our 21 key informants, 16 had reviewed the eLCOSH Inventory in their online survey. The 5 who chose to skip this part of the survey were from these crafts: Cement Mason; Electricians; Roofer/Waterproofer; Sheet Metal Worker. All of the 16 who reviewed the inventory list indicated that they recognized products in their online survey. Of these, 14 went on to actually identify the product codes in the survey; 2 chose to skip this final step. The 14 who we report on here represent the following crafts: Insulator; Plumber/Pipefitter/Steamfitter; Cement Mason; Tile Layer/Finisher; Boilermaker; Millwright; Elevator Constructor; Drywall/Lather; Plasterer.
In follow-up interviews, we reminded these informants that they had recognized products in the inventory list and asked them to tell us more about them. To prompt discussion, we would ask, for example, what is their experience, were they aware products are nano-enabled, had they received any training about the products. Only 5 informants (Insulators, Elevator Constructor, and Millwright) said they knew products were nano-enabled before taking our survey.
We learned only slightly more about applications of these products. Some noted that products had improved from what they "used to be" and gave examples of less dust, more use-friendly, easier to cut, and lighter. Most respondents, with the exception of the Insulators, had little, if any, specific information to share about individual products that could be directly linked to nanotechnology. It is very difficult to say if the information we gathered is very helpful. What we learned from this experiment with the eLCOSH Inventory is that the people we interviewed were not making much connection between these materials and nanotechnology. Indeed, the majority did not even know they were nano-enabled. One caveat is that our participants— union leaders and apprenticeship training staff—mostly no longer work at construction sites and therefore may not be exposed to the new materials to the same extent as front-line construction workers and contractors.
With regard to product documentation such as material data sheets (MDS) or Safety Data Sheets (SDS), no one gave us specific feedback other than to say they try to read them. No one mentioned that they had ever seen references to nanotechnology on either MDS or SDS. Similarly, other than Insulators, no one mentioned that they had received any information regarding health and safety related to working with these materials or product-specific training that included safe practices. A common thread seems to be that product manufacturers are the main source of information, and mostly that is promotional in nature. Our conclusion is that, except for the Insulators, not much exploration has been made into nano-enabled products by this group that serves to illuminate concrete benefits, issues or concerns. It does appear that participating in this study served to spark a new interest in finding more information among key informants.
We are presenting the interview results below organized by craft so that we can get a better sense of who is using what product. This may help inform future efforts to test the inventory list and target certain crafts for further investigation.
| Question: When you reviewed this product list, what stood out to you? | ||
|---|---|---|
| Trade Group | Products discussed | Known to be nano-enabled prior to seeing list? |
| Insulators (4) |
|
No = 1 Yes = 3 |
| Plumbers/ Pipefitters/ Steamfitters (2) |
|
No = 2 |
| Cement Mason (1) |
|
No |
| Tile Layers/Finisher (1) |
|
No |
| Boilermaker (1) |
|
No |
| Millwright (1) |
|
Yes |
| Elevator Constructor |
|
Yes (from reading boxes) |
| Drywall/Lather |
|
No |
| Plasterer |
|
No |
| Question: You indicated having knowledge of products on the list. What is your experience with these products, what can you tell us about them? | |
|---|---|
| Trade Group | Key Informant Quotes |
| Insulators |
|
| Plumbers/ Pipefitters/ Steamfitters |
|