The Construction Chart Book 4th Edition

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Organization(s):

CPWR - The Center for Construction Research and Training

Summary Statement

A broad collection of tables and charts covering health and safety in the U.S. construction industry, as well as considerable economic and training data.
2007

Subject Index

ABLES program. See Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance program
ACD. See Allergic contact dermatitis
ACGIH. See American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
ACS. See American Community Survey
Administrative support

Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance program, 44
African Americans construction company ownership, 7
Age issues

Agriculture industry

Allergic contact dermatitis chromium exposure and, 45
Alternative employment arrangements

American Community Survey

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists threshold limit values for manganese, 45
American Time Use Survey work hours, 25
Amusement and recreation share of dollar value, 5
Apprenticeships construction industry, 29
Asbestos

Asbestos workers chest x-ray results, 43
Asia foreign-born workers born in, 14
ATUS. See American Time Use Survey
Australia deaths from injuries in construction, 31

Baby boomers

Back injuries causes of and rates in construction workers, 41
BED. See Business Employment Dynamics
Benefits

Blacks. See African Americans
BLLs. See Blood lead levels
Blood lead levels OSHA regulation, 44
BLS. See U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
Blue collar workers. See Production workers
Boilermakers

Brickmasons. See also Masonry contractors; Stonemasons

Building equipment contractors

Building finishing contractors

Bureau of Apprenticeship Training quality standards, 29
Business Employment Dynamics employment change data, 30

Canada

Carbon monoxide respirator use and, 43
Cardiovascular disease adverse health effects, 46
Carpenters

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers. See also Tile and terrazzo contractors

Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries fatal injury data, 32
CES. See Current Employment Statistics
CFOI. See Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries Chlorine respirator use and, 43
Cholesterol. See High blood cholesterol
Chromium hazards of exposure to, 45
Chronic illnesses among construction workers, 46
Cigarette smoking

Civilian labor force

Clerks percentage of smokers, 46
Collisions deaths involving, 39
Commercial and institutional building construction

Computer and Internet access construction workers, 28
Concrete workers. See Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers; Poured concrete foundation and structure contractors
Construction and building inspectors occupation classification, 10
Construction equipment operators employment change projection, 30
Construction helpers

Construction industry

Construction managers/supervisors. See also Managers

Construction Spending value of residential construction, 6
Contact with objects

Contingent workers characteristics, 21
CPS. See Current Population Survey
Credit cards source of capital used to start a construction business, 8
Current Employment Statistics

Current Population Survey

Deaths from injuries. See also Nonfatal injuries and illnesses; specific causes, e.g., Falls

Diabetes adverse health effects, 46
Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators occupation classification, 10
Drywall and ceiling installers

Drywall and insulation contractors

Dusts occupational exposure, 43

Earth drillers

Economic Census

Education share of dollar value, 5
Education/health industry

Educational attainment. See also Apprenticeships;

Electrical contractors

Electrical power-line installers. See also Power and communication line construction

Electricians

Electricity

Electrocutions deaths from, 38
Elevator installers and repairers occupation classification, 10
Employers. See Nonemployer establishments; Payroll employers
Employment and Earnings civilian labor force data, 9
Employment Cost Index labor cost data, 22
Employment data projected growth in construction industry employment, 30
Establishments. See also Small establishments

Europe. See also specific countries foreign-born workers from, 14
Expenditures for Residential Improvements and Repairs estimates of spending by property owners, 6
Exposure cause of death from injury, 36

Falls

Fatal injuries. See Deaths from injuries
Fence erectors occupation classification, 10
Finance industry

Finish carpentry contractors

Finland deaths from injuries in construction, 31
Flooring contractors. See also Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers

Foreign-born workers construction industry, 14
Foremen

Foundation, structure, and building exterior contractors, 1

Framing contractors

Fumes

GDP. See Gross domestic product
Geographic trends

Germany deaths from injuries in construction, 31
Glass and glazing contractors occupation description, 1
Glaziers occupation classification, 10
Goods producing industry workers’ compensation issues, 49
Gross domestic product construction industry as percent of, 4

Health care

Health care workers percentage of smokers, 46
Health insurance

Hearing loss construction workers, 42
Heart disease adverse health effects, 46
Heating and air conditioning mechanics

Heavy and civil engineering construction

Heavy equipment. See Vehicles and heavy equipment
Heavy metal hazards. See also Chromium; Lead;

Helpers. See Construction helpers
High blood cholesterol adverse health effects, 46
Highway, street, and bridge construction

Highway maintenance workers

Hispanics

Hydrogen sulfide respirator use and, 43
Hypertension adverse health effects, 46

ICD. See Irritant contact dermatitis
Illnesses. See Nonfatal injuries and illnesses; specific illnesses
ILO. See International Labour Organization
Immigrants. See Foreign-born workers
Improvements

estimates of spending by property owners, 6
share of dollar value, 5

Independent contractors. See Self-employed persons
Industrial building construction

back injuries and illnesses, 41
costs of work-related injuries, 48
high blood lead levels among workers, 44
hourly and annual wages of workers, 23
occupation description, 1

Informal training construction workers, 28
Information industry

average labor cost, 22
back injuries and illnesses in workers, 41
foreign-born workers, 14
minority workers, 17
nonfatal injuries and illnesses, 32
self-employed persons working in, 20

Injuries. See Deaths from injuries; Nonfatal injuries and illnesses
Installation, maintenance, and repair workers

average hourly wage, 23
baby boomers as, 13
employment change projection, 30
health insurance coverage, 26
Hispanics as, 16
minorities as, 17
occupation classification, 10
percentage of smokers, 46
retirement plan participation, 27
self-employed persons as, 20
union membership, 11
women as, 18

Insulation workers

baby boomers as, 13
noise exposure, 42
nonfatal injuries and illnesses, 35
nonfatal injuries from falls, 37
occupation classification, 10
retirement plan participation, 27
self-employed persons as, 20
union membership, 11

International Labour Organization work-related death data, 31
Ironworkers. See also Reinforcing iron and rebar workers

apprenticeships, 29
average hourly wage, 23
chest x-ray results, 43
deaths from electrocution, 38
deaths from falls, 37
deaths from injuries, 35
employment change projection, 30
health insurance coverage, 26
manganese exposure hazard, 45
minorities as, 17
noise exposure, 42
noise-induced hearing loss, 42
nonfatal injuries and illnesses, 35
occupation classification, 10
retirement plan participation, 27
self-employed persons as, 20
union membership, 11

Irritant contact dermatitis chromium exposure and, 45
Italy deaths from injuries in construction, 31

Laborers

apprenticeships, 29
average hourly wage, 23
baby boomers as, 13
back injuries and illnesses, 41
chest x-ray results, 43
costs of work-related injuries, 48
deaths from electrocution, 38
deaths from falls, 37
deaths from injuries, 35
deaths involving vehicles and heavy equipment, 39
employment change projection, 30
health insurance coverage, 26
Hispanics as, 16
minorities as, 17
musculoskeletal (overexertion) injuries, 40
noise exposure, 42
noise-induced hearing loss, 42
nonfatal injuries and illnesses, 35
nonfatal injuries from falls, 37
occupation classification, 10
retirement plan participation, 27
self-employed persons as, 20
union membership, 11
women as, 18

Land subdivision

back injuries and illnesses, 41
hourly and annual wages of workers, 23
number of establishments, 3
occupation description, 1

Latin America foreign-born workers from, 14
Latinos. See Hispanics
Lead. See also Heavy metal hazards

construction worker exposure to, 44
respirator use and, 43
risky tasks, 44

Leisure/hospitality industry

back injuries and illnesses in workers, 41
self-employed persons working in, 20

Loans source of capital used to start a construction business, 8
Low-back injuries. See Back injuries
Lung hazards and diseases

risky tasks, 43
symptoms of diseases, 43

Managers. See also Construction managers/supervisors

deaths from electrocution, 38
occupation classification, 10

Manganese hazards of exposure to, 45
Manufacturing industry

alternative employment arrangements, 21
average age of workers, 12
average labor cost, 22
back injuries and illnesses in workers, 41
educational attainment of workers, 28
employment change projection, 30
foreign-born workers, 14
health insurance coverage, 26
high blood lead levels among workers, 44
Hispanic workers, 15
minority workers, 17
musculoskeletal (overexertion) injuries, 40
nonfatal injuries and illnesses, 32
overtime work, 25
percent of gross domestic product, 4
percentage of employees using respirators, 43
retirement plan participation level, 27
self-employed persons working in, 20
share of dollar value, 5
women workers, 18
work-related deaths from injuries, 32
workers’ compensation issues, 49

Masonry contractors

back injuries and illnesses, 41
costs of work-related injuries, 48
hourly and annual wages of workers, 23
occupation description, 1
percentage of work done by special trades, 6

Material moving workers. See Transportation and material moving workers
Materials percent of construction income, 4
Metal and plastic workers percentage of smokers, 46
Millwrights

chest x-ray results, 43
noise-induced hearing loss, 42

Mining industry

alternative employment arrangements, 21
average age of workers, 12
back injuries and illnesses in workers, 41
educational attainment of workers, 28
employment change projection, 30
foreign-born workers, 14
health insurance coverage, 26
Hispanic workers, 15
minority workers, 17
musculoskeletal (overexertion) injuries, 40
NAIC classification, 1
nonfatal injuries and illnesses, 32
overtime work, 25
percent of gross domestic product, 4
percentage of employees using respirators, 43
retirement plan participation level, 27
women workers, 18
work-related deaths from injuries, 32
workers with high blood lead levels, 44

Minorities. See also specific groups, e.g., African Americans

construction business ownership, 7
educational attainment, 28
health insurance coverage, 26
occupational distribution, 17
wages and, 24

Miscellaneous construction and related workers

costs of work-related injuries, 48
occupation classification, 10

Musculoskeletal disorders

examples of work-related disorders, 40
risk factors for, 40
types of nonfatal injuries and illnesses, 40

NAICS. See North American Industry Classification System
National Compensation Survey

Employment Cost Index, 22
wage rates, 23

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance
(ABLES) program, 44
Natural resources industry self-employed persons working in, 20
New multi-family construction share of dollar value, 5
New Residential Construction data compiled in, 6
NIOSH. See National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Noise-induced hearing loss. See Hearing loss
Nonemployer establishments

estimated number of, 3
financial sources, 8
self-employment and, 3

Nonfatal injuries and illnesses. See also Deaths from
injuries; specific causes and illnesses, e.g., Falls

construction workers, 32, 33
costs of, 48
demographic and geographic trends, 34
leading causes, 36
underreporting of, 33

Nonproduction workers occupation classification, 10
Nonresidential building construction. See Commercial and institutional building construction; Industrial
building construction
North American Industry classification System

compared with the U.S. Standard Industrial
classification system, 1
review and updating of, 1

Norway deaths from injuries in construction, 31

Obesity adverse health effects, 46
Occupational classifications and distributions construction workers, 10
Occupational Employment Statistics employment and wage estimates, 23
Occupational Safety and Health Administration

blood lead level regulation, 44
chromium exposure limits, 45
construction inspections, 47
enforcement of construction safety and health regulations, 47
hearing conservation program, 42

OES. See Occupational Employment Statistics
Offices share of dollar value, 5
Oil and gas pipeline construction

number of establishments, 3
occupation description, 1

Operating engineers

apprenticeships, 29
average hourly wage, 23
baby boomers as, 13
back injuries and illnesses, 41
chest x-ray results, 43
costs of work-related injuries, 48
deaths from injuries, 35
health insurance coverage, 26
Hispanics as, 16
minorities as, 17
musculoskeletal (overexertion) injuries, 40
noise exposure, 42
noise-induced hearing loss, 42
nonfatal injuries and illnesses, 35
nonfatal injuries from falls, 37
occupation classification, 10
retirement plan participation, 27
self-employed persons as, 20
union membership, 11
women as, 18

OSHA. See Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Outside investors source of capital used to start a construction business, 8
Overexertion injuries. See Musculoskeletal disorders
Overtime work survey data, 25

Paint vapors respirator use and, 43
Painters

apprenticeships, 29
average hourly wage, 23
baby boomers as, 13
back injuries and illnesses, 41
chest x-ray results, 43
chromium exposure hazard, 45
costs of work-related injuries, 48
deaths from electrocution, 38
deaths from falls, 37
deaths from injuries, 35
employment change projection, 30
health insurance coverage, 26
Hispanics as, 16
minorities as, 17
musculoskeletal (overexertion) injuries, 40
noise-induced hearing loss, 42
nonfatal injuries and illnesses, 35
nonfatal injuries from falls, 37
occupation classification, 10
retirement plan participation, 27
self-employed persons as, 20
union membership, 11
women as, 18

Painting and wall covering contractors

back injuries and illnesses, 41
costs of work-related injuries, 48
hourly and annual wages of workers, 23
occupation description, 1
percentage of work done by special trades, 6

Paving surfacing and tamping equipment operators occupation classification, 10
Payroll percent of construction income, 4
Payroll employers

average age of construction workers, 13
“just-in-time” employment strategies, 8
number of, 3
subcontracting expenses, 4

Pensions. See Retirement plans
Pipe layers. See also Oil and gas pipeline construction average hourly wage, 23
Pipefitters

apprenticeships, 29
costs of work-related injuries, 48
manganese exposure hazard, 45

Plasterers and stucco masons

costs of work-related injuries, 48
occupation classification, 10

Plumbers

apprenticeships, 29
average hourly wage, 23
baby boomers as, 13
back injuries and illnesses, 41
chest x-ray results, 43
costs of work-related injuries, 48
deaths from falls, 37
deaths from injuries, 35
employment change projection, 30
health insurance coverage, 26
Hispanics as, 16
minorities as, 17
musculoskeletal (overexertion) injuries, 40
noise-induced hearing loss, 42
nonfatal injuries and illnesses, 35
nonfatal injuries from falls, 37
occupation classification, 10
retirement plan participation, 27
self-employed persons as, 20
union membership, 11
women as, 18

Plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning contractors. See also Heating and air conditioning mechanics

back injuries and illnesses, 41
costs of work-related injuries, 48
hourly and annual wages of workers, 23
number of establishments, 3
occupation description, 1
percentage of work done by special trades, 6

Poured concrete foundation and structure contractors

back injuries and illnesses, 41
costs of work-related injuries, 48
hourly and annual wages of workers, 23
number of establishments, 3
occupation description, 1
percentage of work done by special trades, 6

Power and communication line construction. See also Electrical power-line installers

hourly and annual wages of workers, 23
number of establishments, 3
occupation description, 1

Power and fuel

percent of construction income, 4
share of dollar value, 5

Private-sector construction

dollar value, 5
percentage of employees using respirators, 43
type of construction employment, 9
value of, 6

Production workers. See also specific occupations

age issues, 13
health insurance coverage and, 26
Hispanics, 16
minorities as, 17
occupation classification, 10
women as, 18

Professional/business workers

back injuries and illnesses, 41
occupation classification, 10

Public administration

alternative employment arrangements, 21
average age of workers, 12
educational attainment of workers, 28
foreign-born workers, 14
health insurance coverage, 26
Hispanic workers, 15
minority workers, 17
overtime work, 25
retirement plan participation level, 27
women workers, 18
work-related deaths from injuries, 32

Public-sector construction

dollar value, 5
type of construction employment, 9
union membership data, 11

Racial minorities. See Minorities
Reinforcing iron and rebar workers, 10. See also Ironworkers
Rentals percent of construction income, 4
Repair workers. See Installation, maintenance, and repair workers
Residential building construction

back injuries and illnesses, 41
costs of work-related injuries, 48
high blood lead levels among workers, 44
hourly and annual wages of workers, 23
number of establishments, 3
occupation description, 1
special trades work, 6
value and units, 6

Respirators occupational exposure to lung hazards and, 43
Retail industry

alternative employment arrangements, 21
average age of workers, 12
average labor cost, 22
back injuries and illnesses in workers, 41
educational attainment of workers, 28
employment change projection, 30
foreign-born workers, 14
health insurance coverage, 26
Hispanic workers, 15
minority workers, 17
musculoskeletal (overexertion) injuries, 40
nonfatal injuries and illnesses, 32
overtime work, 25
percent of gross domestic product, 4
percentage of employees using respirators, 43
retirement plan participation level, 27
women workers, 18
work-related deaths from injuries, 32

Retirement plans

contingent workers and, 21
participation levels, 27

Roofers

apprenticeships, 29
average hourly wage, 23
baby boomers as, 13
back injuries and illnesses, 41
costs of work-related injuries, 48
deaths from electrocution, 38
deaths from falls, 37
deaths from injuries, 35
employment change projection, 30
health insurance coverage, 26
Hispanics as, 16
minorities as, 17
musculoskeletal (overexertion) injuries, 40
nonfatal injuries and illnesses, 35
nonfatal injuries from falls, 37
occupation classification, 10
retirement plan participation, 27
self-employed persons as, 20
union membership, 11

Roofing contractors

back injuries and illnesses, 41
costs of work-related injuries, 48
hourly and annual wages of workers, 23
occupation description, 1
percentage of work done by special trades, 6

Savings source of capital used to start a construction business, 8
SBO. See Survey of Business Owners
Self-employed persons

average age of construction workers, 13
in the construction industry, 20
costs of work-related injuries, 48
deaths from injuries and nonfatal injuries, 31, 33
Economic Census survey and, 3
misclassification and, 20
as sole owners of their businesses, 8
type of construction employment, 9
women as, 18

Service/sales personnel occupation classification, 10
Services percent of construction income, 4
Services industry

alternative employment arrangements, 21
average age of workers, 12
educational attainment of workers, 28
employment change projection, 30
foreign-born workers, 14
health insurance coverage, 26
Hispanic workers, 15
minority workers, 17
nonfatal injuries and illnesses, 32
overtime work, 25
percentage of employees using respirators, 43
retirement plan participation level, 27
self-employed persons working in, 20
women workers, 18
work-related deaths from injuries, 32
workers’ compensation issues, 49
workers with high blood lead levels, 44

Sewage and waste disposal share of dollar value, 5
Sheet metal workers

apprenticeships, 29
average hourly wage, 23
baby boomers as, 13
back injuries and illnesses, 41
chest x-ray results, 43
costs of work-related injuries, 48
employment change projection, 30
health insurance coverage, 26
musculoskeletal (overexertion) injuries, 40
noise exposure, 42
noise-induced hearing loss, 42
nonfatal injuries and illnesses, 35
nonfatal injuries from falls, 37
occupation classification, 10
retirement plan participation, 27
self-employed persons as, 20
union membership, 11

SIC system. See U.S. Standard Industrial classification system
Siding contractors

back injuries and illnesses, 41
costs of work-related injuries, 48
occupation description, 1

Silica dust

occupational exposure, 43
respirator use and, 43

Site preparation contractors

occupation description, 1
percentage of work done by special trades, 6

Skin disorders caused by heavy metal exposure, 45
Small establishments

deaths from injuries in small establishments, 33
nonfatal injury rates, 33

Smoking. See Cigarette smoking
Solvents respirator use and, 43
Spain deaths from injuries in construction, 31
Specialty trades. See specific occupations
Steamfitters costs of work-related injuries, 48
Stonemasons. See also Brickmasons costs of work-related injuries, 48
Structural steel and precast concrete contractors

back injuries and illnesses, 41
costs of work-related injuries, 48
occupation description, 1

Subcontracting percent of construction income, 4
Supervisors. See Construction managers/supervisors
Survey of Business Owners

characteristics of construction businesses, 8
construction ownership data, 7

Sweden deaths from injuries in construction, 31
Switzerland deaths from injuries in construction, 31

Teachers percentage of smokers, 46
Teamsters. See also Truck drivers

chest x-ray results, 43
noise-induced hearing loss, 42

Tile and terrazzo contractors. See also Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers occupation description, 1
Toluene respirator use and, 43
Trade industry self-employed persons working in, 20
Transportation and material moving workers

average hourly wage, 23
occupation classification, 10
percentage of smokers, 46

Transportation industry

alternative employment arrangements, 21
average age of workers, 12
average labor cost, 22
back injuries and illnesses in workers, 41
educational attainment of workers, 28
employment change projection, 30
foreign-born workers, 14
health insurance coverage, 26
Hispanic workers, 15
minority workers, 17
musculoskeletal (overexertion) injuries, 40
nonfatal injuries and illnesses, 32
occupation classification, 10
overtime work, 25
percent of gross domestic product, 4
percentage of employees using respirators, 43
retirement plan participation level, 27
self-employed persons working in, 20
share of dollar value, 5
women workers, 18
work-related deaths from injuries, 32

Transportation injuries cause of death from, 36
Trench-related deaths causes of, 39
Truck drivers. See also Teamsters; Vehicles and heavy equipment

baby boomers as, 13
back injuries and illnesses, 41
costs of work-related injuries, 48
deaths from electrocution, 38
deaths from injuries, 35
deaths involving vehicles and heavy equipment, 39
employment change projection, 30
health insurance coverage, 26
Hispanics as, 16
minorities as, 17
musculoskeletal (overexertion) injuries, 40
nonfatal injuries and illnesses, 35
nonfatal injuries from falls, 37
occupation classification, 10
retirement plan participation, 27
self-employed persons as, 20
union membership, 11

Unemployment data construction industry, 19
Union membership

apprenticeship training and, 29
construction workers, 11
educational attainment and, 28
health insurance coverage and, 26
job tenure and, 21
retirement plans and, 27
wages and, 24

United States deaths from injuries in construction, 31, 32
University of Washington study of hearing loss among construction workers, 42
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

American Time Use Survey, 25
civilian labor force data, 9
Consumer Expenditure Survey, 6
Current Employment Statistics, 9
Current Population Survey, 9
deaths from electrocutions, 38
National Compensation Survey, 22
self-employed worker data, 20

U.S. Census Bureau. See also Economic Census

“construction worker” definition, 10
nonemployer establishments, 3

U.S. Department of Energy hearing loss screening program, 42
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services blood lead level reduction objective, 44
U.S. Standard Industrial classification system compared with the North American Industry
classification System, 1
Utilities industry

average labor cost, 22
back injuries and illnesses in workers, 41
foreign-born workers, 14
minority workers, 17
musculoskeletal (overexertion) injuries, 40
nonfatal injuries and illnesses, 32
percentage of employees using respirators, 43
Utility system construction. See also specific utilities,
e.g., Oil and gas pipeline construction
high blood lead levels among workers, 44
hourly and annual wages of workers, 23

Value of Construction Put in Place, 5
Vehicle incidents deaths from, 39
Vehicles and heavy equipment. See also Truck drivers

cause of death from injury, 36
deaths involving, 39

VIP. See Value of Construction Put in Place

Wages and salaries. See also Payroll employers

compensation per hour in the construction industry, 22
inflation and, 22
minorities and, 24
by occupational classifications, 23
regional variations, 24
union membership and, 24
women and, 24

Water and sewer line construction

costs of work-related injuries, 48
occupation description, 1

Water supply share of dollar value, 5
Welding, soldering, and brazing workers

average hourly wage, 23
baby boomers as, 13
chromium exposure hazard, 45
costs of work-related injuries, 48
deaths from electrocution, 38
deaths from falls, 37
deaths from injuries, 35
health insurance coverage, 26
Hispanics as, 16
minorities as, 17
musculoskeletal (overexertion) injuries, 40
occupation classification, 10
retirement plan participation, 27
self-employed persons as, 20
union membership, 11
women as, 18

Welding fumes respirator use and, 43
Wholesale industry

alternative employment arrangements, 21
average age of workers, 12
average labor cost, 22
back injuries and illnesses in workers, 41
educational attainment of workers, 28
employment change projection, 30
foreign-born workers, 14
health insurance coverage, 26
Hispanic workers, 15
minority workers, 17
musculoskeletal (overexertion) injuries, 40
nonfatal injuries and illnesses, 32
overtime work, 25
percent of gross domestic product, 4
percentage of employees using respirators, 43
retirement plan participation level, 27
women workers, 18
work-related deaths from injuries, 32

Women

construction company ownership, 7
construction workers, 18
educational attainment, 28
Hispanic women in the construction industry, 16
wages and, 24

Woodworkers chromium exposure hazard, 45
Work hours survey data, 25
Work-related deaths and injuries. See Deaths from injuries; Nonfatal injuries and illnesses
Workers’ compensation

base rate ranges, 49
construction workers, 49
sources of payment for, 49

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